Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 - 43 BCE)

A Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 - 43 BCE) is a person.

• AKA: Tully, Cicero.
• Context:
  • They can typically be a Male Human.
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  • It can often perform Political Leadership Roles through Roman Republic governance positions.
  • It can often create Rhetorical Techniques through Latin prose composition.
  • It can often advance Philosophical Arguments through Latin philosophical writings.
  • It can often influence Latin Language Development through philosophical terminology creation.
  • It can often demonstrate Oratorical Skills through public speeches and legal defenses.
  • It can often advocate for Republican Government Principles through political speeches and political treatises.
  • It can often translate Greek Philosophical Concepts through Latin neologisms and philosophical adaptations.
  • It can often criticize Political Opponents through rhetorical attacks and published orations.
  • It can often preserve Greek Philosophy through Latin translations and philosophical commentary.
  • It can often be a Statesperson.
  • ...
  • It can range from being a Political Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 - 43 BCE) to being a Philosophical Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 - 43 BCE), depending on its historical context focus.
  • It can range from being a Conservative Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 - 43 BCE) to being a Progressive Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 - 43 BCE), depending on its political principle interpretation.
  • It can range from being a Historical Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 - 43 BCE) to being a Mythologized Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 - 43 BCE), depending on its historical representation accuracy.
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  • It can influence Renaissance Humanism through rediscovered manuscripts and classical political thought.
  • It can shape Enlightenment Political Theory through republican governance models and natural law concepts.
  • It can inform Modern Rhetorical Practice through oratorical techniques and persuasive writing methods.
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• Examples:
  • Marcus Tullius Cicero Political Career Stages, such as:
    • Early Marcus Tullius Cicero Political Career (75-64 BCE), such as:
      • Quaestor Marcus Tullius Cicero (75 BCE) demonstrating administrative capability in Sicilia (Roman Province).
      • Aedile Marcus Tullius Cicero (69 BCE) organizing public games and maintaining public buildings.
      • Praetor Marcus Tullius Cicero (66 BCE) presiding over legal courts and legal judgments.
    • Consul Marcus Tullius Cicero (63 BCE) suppressing the Catiline conspiracy through executive actions and rhetorical persuasion.
    • Post-Consulship Marcus Tullius Cicero Political Career (62-43 BCE), such as:
      • Exiled Marcus Tullius Cicero (58-57 BCE) due to extrajudicial executions during the Catiline conspiracy.
      • Anti-Caesarian Marcus Tullius Cicero (49-44 BCE) supporting the Roman Republic against Julius Caesar's dictatorship.
      • Anti-Antonian Marcus Tullius Cicero (44-43 BCE) delivering Philippic Orations against Mark Antony.
  • Marcus Tullius Cicero Literary Works, such as:
    • Marcus Tullius Cicero Philosophical Works, such as:
      • De Republica exploring ideal state concepts and mixed constitution theory.
      • De Officiis examining moral duty and ethical obligations in public life.
      • Academica presenting Academic Skepticism and epistemological limitations.
    • Marcus Tullius Cicero Rhetorical Works, such as:
      • De Oratore codifying rhetorical techniques and oratorical education.
      • Orator defining the ideal speaker and rhetorical style.
    • Marcus Tullius Cicero Political Orations, such as:
      • In Catilinam denouncing Catiline and exposing the conspiracy.
      • Philippicae condemning Mark Antony's political ambitions.
  • Marcus Tullius Cicero Historical Influence Periods, such as:
    • Marcus Tullius Cicero Renaissance Influence (14th-16th centuries) through Petrarch's rediscovery of his letters.
    • Marcus Tullius Cicero Enlightenment Influence (17th-18th centuries) shaping political thought of John Locke, Montesquieu, and Edmund Burke.
    • Marcus Tullius Cicero Modern Influence (19th century-present) informing republican theory and liberal democracy.
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• Counter-Examples:
  • Julius Caesar, who embraced dictatorship rather than republican principles.
  • Epicurean Philosophers, who rejected Ciceronian Academic Skepticism in favor of materialist philosophy.
  • Mark Antony, who pursued personal political power instead of constitutional governance.
  • Demosthenes, who was an Athenian orator rather than a Roman orator.
  • Cato the Younger, who maintained rigid republican principles rather than political pragmatism.
  • Seneca the Younger, who served under imperial rule instead of defending republican institutions.
  • Lucretius, who promoted Epicurean philosophy through poetic form rather than philosophical dialogues.
• See: Academic Skeptic, Roman Republic, Capitoline Museums, Quaestor, Sicilia (Roman Province), Plebeian Aedile, Praetor, Roman Consul, Legatus, Latin Literature, Stoicism, Ancient Roman Law, Republican Governance, Rhetorical Theory, Western Philosophy, Renaissance Humanism.

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References

2025

• (Wikipedia, 2025) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero Retrieved:2025-3-17.
  • Marcus Tullius Cicero(; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire.His extensive writings include treatises on rhetoric, philosophy and politics. He is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists and the innovator of what became known as "Ciceronian rhetoric". Cicero was educated in Rome and in Greece. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order, and served as consul in 63 BC. He greatly influenced both ancient and modern reception of the Latin language. A substantial part of his work has survived, and he was admired by both ancient and modern authors alike. Cicero adapted the arguments of the chief schools of Hellenistic philosophy in Latin and coined a large portion of Latin philosophical vocabulary via lexical innovation (e.g. neologisms such as , generator, , infinitio, , ), almost 150 of which were the result of translating Greek philosophical terms. Though he was an accomplished orator and successful lawyer, Cicero believed his political career was his most important achievement. It was during his consulship that the Catiline conspiracy attempted to overthrow the government through an attack on the city by outside forces, and Cicero (by his own account) suppressed the revolt by summarily and controversially executing five conspirators without trial, an act which would later lead to his exile. During the chaotic middle period of the first century BC, marked by civil wars and the dictatorship of Julius Caesar, Cicero was a supporter of the Optimates faction. Following Caesar's death, Cicero became an enemy of Mark Antony in the ensuing power struggle, attacking him in a series of speeches. He was proscribed as an enemy of the state by the Second Triumvirate and consequently executed by soldiers operating on their behalf in 43 BC, having been intercepted during an attempted flight from the Italian peninsula. His severed hands and head (taken by order of Antony and displayed representing the repercussions of his anti-Antonian actions as a writer and as an orator, respectively) were then displayed on the Rostra. Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited for initiating the 14th-century Renaissance in public affairs, humanism, and classical Roman culture. According to Polish historian Tadeusz Zieliński, "the Renaissance was above all things a revival of Cicero, and only after him and through him of the rest of Classical antiquity." The peak of Cicero's authority and prestige came during the 18th-century Enlightenment, and his impact on leading Enlightenment thinkers and political theorists such as John Locke, David Hume, Montesquieu, and Edmund Burke was substantial. His works rank among the most influential in global culture, and today still constitute one of the most important bodies of primary material for the writing and revision of Roman history, especially the last days of the Roman Republic.

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