Human Organism
A Human Organism is an great ape with a human genome (with 23 chromosome pairs).
- Context:
- They can (typically) be a member of a Human Species (unless they are an engineered species).
- They can (typically) stand upright.
- They can (typically) have hands with opposable thumbs.
- They can (typically) be Linguistic Agents.
- They can (typically) express feel Emotions.
- They can (typically) be a Linguistic Agent (though possibly deaf and/or mute).
- They can (typically) have one or more Personality Traits.
- They can (typically) have a Human BMI.
- They can have a Mind.
- They can range from being a Human Child (such as a newborn human)., to being a Young Human to being a Middle-Aged Human to being an Older Human.
- They can range from being a Legal Person (able to make and effect Free Choices) to being a Dependent Person.
- They can range from being a Female Human to being a Androgynous Human to being a Male Human.
- They can range from being a Living Human to being a Comatose Human to being a Dead Human to being an [[
- They can range from being an Undernourished Human to being a Well-nourished Human to being an Over-nourished Human.
- They can (typically) belong to a Human Social System.
- They can perform Physical Exercise and Physical Stretching.
- They can have a Face, Fingerprint, etc.
- They can be members of an Ethnic Group.
- …
- Example(s):
- the human child nearest to the highest point in Papua New Guinea.
- a famous superhuman human, such as Plato, da Vinci, Gauss, and Turing.
- …
- Counter-Example(s):
- a Non-Human Animal, such as a chimpanzee, or a eukaryote.
- a Post-Human Agent.
- a Rational Economic Being.
- See: Autonomous Agent, Living Organism.
References
2021
- (Wikipedia, 2021) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Retrieved:2021-5-10.
- Humans (Homo sapiens) are the most populous and widespread species of primates, characterized by bipedality and large complex brains enabling the development of advanced tools, culture and language. Humans are highly social beings and tend to live in large complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families and kinship networks to political states. Social interactions between humans have established a wide variety of values, social norms, and rituals, which bolster human society. Curiosity and the human desire to understand and influence the environment and to explain and manipulate phenomena have motivated humanity's development of science, philosophy, mythology, religion, and other fields of knowledge.
Humans evolved from other hominins in Africa several million years ago. Although some scientists equate humans with all members of the genus Homo, in common usage it generally refers to Homo sapiens, the only extant member. H. sapiens emerged around 300,000 years ago, evolving from Homo erectus and migrating out of Africa, gradually replacing local populations of archaic humans. Early humans were hunter-gatherers, before settling in the Fertile Crescent and other parts of the Old World. Access to food surpluses led to the formation of permanent human settlements and the domestication of animals. As populations became larger and denser, forms of governance developed within and between communities and a number of civilizations rose and fell. Humans have continued to expand, with 7.8 billion humans occupying almost all regions of the world in 2020.
Genes and the environment influence human biological variation in visible characteristics, physiology, disease susceptibility, mental abilities, body size and life span. Though humans vary in many traits (such as genetic predispositions and physical features), two humans on average are over 99% similar, with the most genetically diverse populations are from Africa. The greatest degree of genetic variation exists between males and females. On average, men have greater body strength and women generally have a higher body fat percentage. Females undergo menopause and become infertile decades before the end of their lives. They also have a longer life span in almost every population around the world. The division into male and female gender roles has varied historically, and challenges to predominant gender norms have recurred in many societies.
Humans are omnivorous, capable of consuming a wide variety of plant and animal material, and have used fire to prepare and cook food since the time of H. erectus. They can survive for up to eight weeks without food, and three or four days without water. Humans are generally diurnal, sleeping on average seven to nine hours per day. Childbirth is dangerous, with a high risk of complications and death. Both the mother and the father provide care for human offspring who are helpless at birth.
Humans have a large and highly developed prefrontal cortex, the region of the brain associated with higher cognition. They are intelligent beings, capable of episodic memory, flexibility facial expressions, self-awareness and a theory of mind. The human mind is capable of introspection, private thought, imagination, volition and forming views on existence. This has allowed great technological advancements and complex tool development possible through reason and transmission of knowledge onto future generations. Language, art and trade are defining characteristics of humans. Long-distance trade routes might have led to cultural explosions and resource distribution that gave humans an advantage over other similar species.
- Humans (Homo sapiens) are the most populous and widespread species of primates, characterized by bipedality and large complex brains enabling the development of advanced tools, culture and language. Humans are highly social beings and tend to live in large complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families and kinship networks to political states. Social interactions between humans have established a wide variety of values, social norms, and rituals, which bolster human society. Curiosity and the human desire to understand and influence the environment and to explain and manipulate phenomena have motivated humanity's development of science, philosophy, mythology, religion, and other fields of knowledge.
2016
2011
- (Kahneman, 2011) ⇒ Daniel Kahneman. (2011). “Thinking, Fast and Slow." Macmillan. ISBN:0374533555
- QUOTE: … Our two disciplines seemed to be studying different species, which the behavioral economist Richard Thaler later dubbed Econs and Humans. Unlike Econs, the Humans that psychologists know have a System 1. Their view of the world is limited by the information that is available at a given moment (WYSIATI), and therefore they cannot be as consistent and logical as Econs. They are sometimes generous and often willing to contribute to the group to which they are attached. And they often have little idea of what they will like next year or even tomorrow.
2011
- (Harari, 2011) ⇒ Yuval Noah Harari. (2011). “Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind.” Random House.
1983
- (Miller, 1983) ⇒ Harlan B. Miller. (1983). “' Platonists’ and ‘Aristotelians'.” In: Ethics and Animals, pp. 1-14 . Humana Press,
- QUOTE: … that tradition in Western thought most sympathetic to the claims and to the standing of nonhuman animals. For Aristotle, as for Darwin, man is one animal among the others, different surely, primary perhaps, but animal certainly. … It was only a century from Descartes' 'demonstration' that animals are machines to La Mettrie's corollary that humans are machines in exactly the same way (1748). The Darwinian revolution consists in large part of stressing an 'aristotelian' view of nonhumans. …
1500s
- (Shakespeare, 1599) ⇒ William Shakespeare. (1599). “As You Like It."
- All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players; they have their exists and their entrances, one man man in his time plays many parts, his acts being seven ages. At first, the infant, …