Perception Item
A Perception Item is a cognitive system's experienceinformation item that is based on organization, identification, and interpretation of informationsensory system (a perceptual referent).
- Context:
- ...
- Example(s):
- a Smell Perception, such as while a dog is sniffing.
- a Visual Perception, such as while reading.
- a Audio Perception, such as while listening.
- a Phantom Experience?
- …
- Counter-Example(s):
- a Motoric Input (for a motoric experience).
- a Representational Model of a Physical Object.
- a Mental Belief.
- a Sensori-Motor Experience.
- See: Percept, Sensing, Phenomenology, Sentience, Subjective Experience.
References
2014
- (Wikipedia, 2014) ⇒ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/perception Retrieved:2014-6-16.
- Perception (from the Latin perceptio, percipio) is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. All perception involves signals in the nervous system, which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sense organs.[1] For example, vision involves light striking the retina of the eye, smell is mediated by odor molecules, and hearing involves pressure waves. Perception is not the passive receipt of these signals, but is shaped by learning, memory, expectation, and attention. Perception involves these "top-down" effects as well as the "bottom-up" process of processing sensory input. The "bottom-up" processing transforms low-level information to higher-level information (e.g., extracts shapes for object recognition). The "top-down" processing refers to a person's concept and expectations (knowledge), and selective mechanisms (attention) that influence perception. Perception depends on complex functions of the nervous system, but subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing happens outside conscious awareness. Since the rise of experimental psychology in the 19th Century, psychology's understanding of perception has progressed by combining a variety of techniques.[2] Psychophysics quantitatively describes the relationships between the physical qualities of the sensory input and perception. [3] Sensory neuroscience studies the brain mechanisms underlying perception. Perceptual systems can also be studied computationally, in terms of the information they process. Perceptual issues in philosophy include the extent to which sensory qualities such as sound, smell or color exist in objective reality rather than in the mind of the perceiver.
Although the senses were traditionally viewed as passive receptors, the study of illusions and ambiguous images has demonstrated that the brain's perceptual systems actively and pre-consciously attempt to make sense of their input. There is still active debate about the extent to which perception is an active process of hypothesis testing, analogous to science, or whether realistic sensory information is rich enough to make this process unnecessary.
The perceptual systems of the brain enable individuals to see the world around them as stable, even though the sensory information is typically incomplete and rapidly varying. Human and animal brains are structured in a modular way, with different areas processing different kinds of sensory information. Some of these modules take the form of sensory maps, mapping some aspect of the world across part of the brain's surface. These different modules are interconnected and influence each other. For instance, the taste is strongly influenced by its odor.
- Perception (from the Latin perceptio, percipio) is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. All perception involves signals in the nervous system, which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sense organs.[1] For example, vision involves light striking the retina of the eye, smell is mediated by odor molecules, and hearing involves pressure waves. Perception is not the passive receipt of these signals, but is shaped by learning, memory, expectation, and attention. Perception involves these "top-down" effects as well as the "bottom-up" process of processing sensory input. The "bottom-up" processing transforms low-level information to higher-level information (e.g., extracts shapes for object recognition). The "top-down" processing refers to a person's concept and expectations (knowledge), and selective mechanisms (attention) that influence perception. Perception depends on complex functions of the nervous system, but subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing happens outside conscious awareness. Since the rise of experimental psychology in the 19th Century, psychology's understanding of perception has progressed by combining a variety of techniques.[2] Psychophysics quantitatively describes the relationships between the physical qualities of the sensory input and perception. [3] Sensory neuroscience studies the brain mechanisms underlying perception. Perceptual systems can also be studied computationally, in terms of the information they process. Perceptual issues in philosophy include the extent to which sensory qualities such as sound, smell or color exist in objective reality rather than in the mind of the perceiver.
- ↑ Goldstein (2009) pp. 5–7
- ↑ Gregory, Richard. "Perception" in Gregory, Zangwill (1987) pp. 598–601.
- ↑ Gustav Theodor Fechner. Elemente der Psychophysik. Leipzig 1860
2016
- https://www.aclweb.org/portal/content/international-symposium-abstract-concepts
- QUOTE: Supported by an extensive body of empirical research, the embodied account of cognition argues that cognition (and therefore language) is tightly related to perceptual and motoric experience. However, the Achille heel of the embodied account of cognition is precisely the (still debated) nature, structure, processing, and modeling of abstract concepts. In particular: how does perceptual experience affect our understanding and semantic representation of abstract concepts (idea, theory, argument), which by definition lack perceptual referents?
2010
- (Jamesarman, 2010) ⇒ Karin H. Jamesarman. (2010). “Sensori‐motor Experience Leads to Changes in Visual Processing in the Developing Brain.” Developmental science 13, no. 2
2009
- (WordNet, 2009) ⇒ http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=percept
- S: (n) percept, perception, perceptual experience (the representation of what is perceived; basic component in the formation of a concept)
2007
- (Catmur et al., 2007) ⇒ Caroline Catmur, Vincent Walsh, and Cecilia Heyes. (2007). “Sensorimotor Learning Configures the Human Mirror System.” Current Biology 17, no. 17
1997
- (Kioumourtzoglou et al., 1997) ⇒ Efthimis Kioumourtzoglou, Vassiliki Derri, Olga Mertzanidou, and George Tzetzis. (1997). “Experience with Perceptual and Motor Skills in Rhythmic Gymnastics.” Perceptual and motor skills 84, no. 3 suppl
1690
- (Locke, 1690) ⇒ John Locke. (1690). “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding - Book II: Chapter XXXII."
- QUOTE: Though one man’s idea of blue should be different from another’s. Neither would it carry any imputation of falsehood to our simple ideas, if by the different structure of our organs it were so ordered, that the same object should produce in several men’s minds different ideas at the same time ; v.g. if the idea that a violet produced in one man’s mind by his eyes were the same that a marigold produced in another man’s, and vice versa.