Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Molecule
An Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Molecule a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme.
- Context:
- It can be produced by a Photophosphorylation, Cellular Respiration, or Fermentation Process.
- …
- See: Mitochondrion, Krebs Cycle, Cellular Respiration.
References
2013
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate
- Adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the “molecular unit of currency” of intracellular energy transfer.[1] ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division.[2] One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.
Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only Template:Convert of ATP,[3] turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.[4]
ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids, as well as by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP.[5] Apart from its roles in energy metabolism and signaling, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.[6] The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.
ATP was discovered in 1899 by Karl Lohmann, Fiske and Y.Subbarao of Harvard Medical School[7] but its correct structure was not determined until some years later.[citation needed] It was proposed to be the main energy transfer molecule in the cell by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941, that is, being the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding (exergonic) and energy-requiring (endergonic) reactions.[8] It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.[9]
- Adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the “molecular unit of currency” of intracellular energy transfer.[1] ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division.[2] One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.
- ↑ Knowles JR (1980). "Enzyme-catalyzed phosphoryl transfer reactions". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49: 877–919. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.49.070180.004305. PMID 6250450.
- ↑ Campbell, Neil A.; Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden (2006). Biology: Exploring Life. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-250882-6. http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html.
- ↑ "'Nature's Batteries' May Have Helped Power Early Lifeforms". Science Daily. May 25, 2010. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100525094906.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-26. "At any one time, the human body contains just 250g of ATP — this provides roughly the same amount of energy as a single AA battery. This ATP store is being constantly used and regenerated in cells via a process known as respiration, which is driven by natural catalysts called enzymes."
- ↑ Törnroth-Horsefield S, Neutze R (December 2008). "Opening and closing the metabolite gate". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (50): 19565–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810654106. PMC 2604989. PMID 19073922. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19073922.
- ↑ Hardie DG, Hawley SA (December 2001). "AMP-activated protein kinase: the energy charge hypothesis revisited". BioEssays 23 (12): 1112–9. doi:10.1002/bies.10009. PMID 11746230.
- ↑ Tim Jacob. "Taste(gustation)". http://www.cf.ac.uk/biosi/staffinfo/jacob/teaching/sensory/taste.html. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
- ↑ Lohmann K (August 1929). "Über die Pyrophosphatfraktion im Muskel" (in German). Naturwissenschaften 17 (31): 624–5. doi:10.1007/BF01506215. http://www.springerlink.com/content/j14381j057n22004/?p=b723410ce93b455583229f1fc3a56f9c&pi=5.
- ↑ Lipmann F (1941). Adv. Enzymol. 1: 99–162. ISSN 0196-7398.
- ↑ "History: ATP first discovered in 1929". The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997. Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1997/illpres/history.html. Retrieved 2010-05-26.