Negative Reinforcement
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A Negative Reinforcement is a reinforcing consequence that removes a negative stimulus.
- AKA: Undesirable Experience Avoided.
- Context:
- It can range from being a Natural Negative Reinforcement to being a Artificial Negative Reinforcement.
- …
- Counter-Example(s):
- See: Motivating Operation, Causal, Extinction (Psychology).
References
2014
- (Wikipedia, 2014) ⇒ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/reinforcement#Operant_conditioning Retrieved:2014-11-14.
- The basic definition is that a positive reinforcer adds a stimulus to increase or maintain frequency of a behavior while a negative reinforcer removes a stimulus to increase or maintain the frequency of the behavior. As mentioned above, positive and negative reinforcement are components of operant conditioning, along with positive punishment and negative punishment, all explained below:
- Negative reinforcement occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because an aversive event or stimulus is removed or prevented from happening. * Example: A child cleans his or her room, and this behavior is followed by the parent stopping "nagging" or asking the child repeatedly to do so. Here, the nagging serves to negatively reinforce the behavior of cleaning because the child wants to remove that aversive stimulus of nagging.
- Example: A person puts ointment on a bug bite to soothe an itch. If the ointment works, the person will likely increase the usage of the ointment because it resulted in removing the itch, which is the negative reinforcer.
- Negative reinforcement occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because an aversive event or stimulus is removed or prevented from happening. * Example: A child cleans his or her room, and this behavior is followed by the parent stopping "nagging" or asking the child repeatedly to do so. Here, the nagging serves to negatively reinforce the behavior of cleaning because the child wants to remove that aversive stimulus of nagging.
- The basic definition is that a positive reinforcer adds a stimulus to increase or maintain frequency of a behavior while a negative reinforcer removes a stimulus to increase or maintain the frequency of the behavior. As mentioned above, positive and negative reinforcement are components of operant conditioning, along with positive punishment and negative punishment, all explained below:
2011
- (Linehan et al., 2011) ⇒ Conor Linehan, Ben Kirman, Shaun Lawson, and Gail Chan. (2011). “Practical, Appropriate, Empirically-validated Guidelines for Designing Educational Games.” In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ISBN:978-1-4503-0228-9 doi:10.1145/1978942.1979229
- QUOTE: Negative Reinforcement describes a situation where the removal or termination of an existing stimulus (or existing aversive condition) as a consequence of an instance of behaviour makes that behaviour more likely to occur in that context in future. Negative reinforcement is manifest in games where players are forced to re-start from the beginning of a level or stage when they die - not wanting to waste time replaying the easy parts of the same level over-and-over is a powerful motivator.