Political Freedom Measure
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A Political Freedom Measure is a political measure where political expression is supported and uncoerced.
- See: Civil Liberty, Conformity, Authoritarian Ideology, Democracy, Negative Liberty, Positive Liberty, Civil Liberties, Human Rights.
References
2016
- (Wikipedia, 2016) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/political_freedom Retrieved:2016-10-20.
- Political freedom (also known as a political autonomy or political agency) is a central concept in history and political thought and one of the most important features of democratic societies. Hannah Arendt, "What is Freedom?", Between Past and Future: Eight Exercises in Political Thought, (New York: Penguin, 1993). </ref> It was described as freedom from oppression [1] or coercion, [2] the absence of disabling conditions for an individual and the fulfillment of enabling conditions, [3] or the absence of life conditions of compulsion, e.g. economic compulsion, in a society. [4] Although political freedom is often interpreted negatively as the freedom from unreasonable external constraints on action, [5] it can also refer to the positive exercise of rights, capacities and possibilities for action, and the exercise of social or group rights. [6] The concept can also include freedom from "internal" constraints on political action or speech (e.g. social conformity, consistency, or "inauthentic" behaviour). [7] The concept of political freedom is closely connected with the concepts of civil liberties and human rights, which in democratic societies are usually afforded legal protection from the state.
- ↑ Iris Marion Young, "Five Faces of Oppression", Justice and the Politics of Difference" (Princeton University press, 1990), 39-65.
- ↑ Michael Sandel, Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do? (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010).
- ↑ Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (Anchor Books, 2000).
- ↑ Karl Marx, "Alienated Labour" in Early Writings.
- ↑ Isaiah Berlin, Liberty (Oxford 2004).
- ↑ Charles Taylor, "What's Wrong With Negative Liberty?", Philosophy and the Human Sciences: Philosophical Papers (Cambridge, 1985), 211-29.
- ↑ Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Self-Reliance"; Nikolas Kompridis, "Struggling Over the Meaning of Recognition: A Matter of Identity, Justice or Freedom?" in European Journal of Political Theory July 2007 vol. 6 no. 3 277-289.
2016
- http://www.filmsforaction.org/articles/anarchists-what-we-stand-for/
- … We want political freedom. We want a stateless society— a society without rulers and ruled. We want political institutions created out of free association and not coercion. We want autonomy and self-government for all peoples and for all people.
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- Isaiah Berlin. "Liberty"
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- Hannah Arendt, "'What is Freedom?', Between Past and Future: Eight Exercises in Political Thought".