1948 Palestinian Exodus

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A 1948 Palestinian Exodus is a exodus from Palestine that occurred in 1948.

References

2021

  • (Wikipedia, 2021) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus Retrieved:2021-5-19.
    • The 1948 Palestinian exodus occurred when more than 700,000 Palestinian Arabs – about half of prewar Palestine's Arab population – fled or were expelled from their homes, during the 1948 Palestine war. The exodus was a central component of the fracturing, dispossession and displacement of Palestinian society, known as the Nakba (al-Nakbah, literally "disaster", "catastrophe", or "cataclysm"), [1] [2] in which between 400 and 600 Palestinian villages were destroyed and Palestinian history erased, and also refers to the wider period of war itself and the subsequent oppression up to the present day. [3] The precise number of refugees, many of whom settled in refugee camps in neighboring states, is a matter of dispute[4] but around 80 percent of the Arab inhabitants of what became Israel (half of the Arab total of Mandatory Palestine) left or were expelled from their homes. [5] [6] About 250,000–300,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled before the Israeli Declaration of Independence in May 1948, a fact which was named as a casus belli for the entry of the Arab League into the country, sparking the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The causes are also a subject of fundamental disagreement among historians. Factors involved in the exodus include Jewish military advances, destruction of Arab villages, psychological warfare, fears of another massacre by Zionist militias after the Deir Yassin massacre,[7] which caused many to leave out of panic, direct expulsion orders by Israeli authorities, the voluntary self-removal of the wealthier classes,[8] collapse in Palestinian leadership and Arab evacuation orders,[9] and an unwillingness to live under Jewish control.[10] [11] Later, a series of laws passed by the first Israeli government prevented Arabs who had left from returning to their homes or claiming their property. They and many of their descendants remain refugees. [12] [13] The expulsion of the Palestinians has since been described by some historians as ethnic cleansing,[14][15][16] while others dispute this charge.[17] [18] [19]

      The status of the refugees, and in particular whether Israel will allow them the right to return to their homes, or compensate them, are key issues in the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The events of 1948 are commemorated by Palestinians both in the Palestinian territories and elsewhere on 15 May, a date known as Nakba Day.

  1. ↑ Honaida Ghanim, Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, Gender, and Social Change Among Palestinian Poets in Israel After Nakba, International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society March 2009 Vol. 22, No. 1 pp.23-39 p.37
  2. ↑ Stern, Yoav (13 May 2008). "Palestinian refugees, Israeli left-wingers mark Nakba". Haaretz. Nakba 60 , BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights; Cleveland, William L. A History of the Modern Middle East, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004, p. 270.
  3. ↑ Honaida Ghanim, Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, Gender, and Social Change Among Palestinian Poets in Israel After Nakba, International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society March 2009 Vol. 22, No. 1 pp.23-39 pp.25-26.
  4. ↑ Pedahzur, Ami; Perliger, Arie (2010). "The Consequences of Counterterrorist Policies in Israel". In Crenshaw, Martha (ed.). The Consequences of Counterterrorism. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. p. 356. ISBN 978-0-87154-073-7.
  5. ↑ Masalha, Nur (1992). Expulsion of the Palestinians. Institute for Palestine Studies, this edition 2001, p. 175.
  6. ↑ "In 1948 half of Palestine's ... Arabs were uprooted from their homes and became refugees"
  7. ↑ Morris, Benny. The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  8. ↑ Schechtman, Joseph (1952). The Arab Refugee Problem. New York: Philosophical Library. p. 4.
  9. ↑ Pittsburgh Press (May 1948). "British Halt Jerusalem Battle". UP. Retrieved 17 December 2010. The British spokesman said that all 12 members of the Arab Higher Committee have left Palestine for neighboring Arab states… Walter Eyelan, the Jewish Agency spokesman, said the Arab leaders were victims of a "flight psychosis" which he said was sweeping Arabs throughout Palestine.
  10. ↑ George Crews McGhee (1997). On the frontline in the Cold War: an ambassador reports. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-275-95649-3.
  11. ↑ Leslie Stein (2003). The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israel. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-97141-0.
  12. ↑ Kodmani-Darwish, p. 126; Féron, Féron, p. 94.
  13. ↑ "Overview". United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA). Retrieved 29 October 2011
  14. ↑ Ian Black (26 November 2010). "Memories and maps keep alive Palestinian hopes of return". The Guardian.
  15. ↑ Ilan Pappé, 2006
  16. ↑ Shavit, Ari. "Survival of the Fittest? An Interview with Benny Morris". Logos. Winter 2004
  17. ↑ avid Matas (2005). Aftershock: anti-zionism and anti-semitism. Dundurn Press Ltd. pp. 555–558. ISBN 978-1-55002-553-8.
  18. ↑ Mêrôn Benvenis'tî (2002). Sacred landscape: the buried history of the Holy Land since 1948. University of California Press. pp. 124–127. ISBN 978-0-520-23422-2.
  19. ↑ Benny Morris (21 February 2008). "Benny Morris on fact, fiction, & propaganda about 1948". The Irish Times, reported by Jeff Weintraub
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