Apolipoprotein B

An Apolipoprotein B is a protein component that serves as the primary structural protein in low-density lipoprotein and other atherogenic lipoprotein particles.

• AKA: ApoB, ApoB-100, ApoB-48.
• Context:
  • It can typically transport Cholesterol and triglycerides through the bloodstream via apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins.
  • It can typically serve as the Ligand for the low-density lipoprotein receptor in peripheral tissues.
  • It can typically exist in two main forms: apolipoprotein B-100 produced in the liver and apolipoprotein B-48 produced in the intestine.
  • It can typically regulate lipoprotein metabolism through receptor-mediated endocytosis.
  • It can typically contribute to atherosclerosis development through arterial wall deposition.
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  • It can often function as a Biomarker for cardiovascular disease risk in clinical assessment.
  • It can often undergo Post-translational Modification through glycosylation and phosphorylation.
  • It can often reflect Dietary Lipid Intake in fasting blood samples.
  • It can often interact with arterial proteoglycans during atherosclerotic plaque formation.
  • ...
  • It can range from being a Low Concentration Apolipoprotein B to being a High Concentration Apolipoprotein B, depending on its blood level.
  • It can range from being a Beneficial Apolipoprotein B to being a Harmful Apolipoprotein B, depending on its balance with apolipoprotein A.
  • It can range from being a Normal Structure Apolipoprotein B to being a Mutated Apolipoprotein B, depending on its genetic variation.
  • ...
  • It can have Genetic Variants that affect its functionality and concentration.
  • It can have Structural Domains that determine its binding ability and stability.
  • It can have Metabolic Impacts on lipid homeostasis and atherogenesis.
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  • It can be Elevated during hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes.
  • It can be Reduced during statin therapy, PCSK9 inhibitor treatment, and low-fat diet.
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• Examples:
  • Apolipoprotein B Forms, such as:
    • Full-Length Apolipoprotein Bs, such as:
      • Apolipoprotein B-100 for liver-derived lipoprotein particle formation.
      • Apolipoprotein B-100 Mutant for familial hypercholesterolemia pathogenesis.
    • Truncated Apolipoprotein Bs, such as:
      • Apolipoprotein B-48 for chylomicron assembly in the intestinal cell.
      • Apolipoprotein B-74 for rare genetic variant expression.
  • Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins, such as:
    • Primary Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins, such as:
      • Low-Density Lipoprotein for cholesterol transport to peripheral tissues.
      • Very Low-Density Lipoprotein for triglyceride transport from the liver.
    • Secondary Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins, such as:
      • Intermediate-Density Lipoprotein for transitional lipid transport.
      • Chylomicron for dietary lipid absorption and transport.
  • Apolipoprotein B Clinical Markers, such as:
    • Cardiovascular Risk Apolipoprotein B Markers, such as:
      • Apolipoprotein B/Apolipoprotein A-I Ratio for cardiovascular risk assessment.
      • Non-HDL Cholesterol for apolipoprotein B-related risk estimation.
  • ...
• Counter-Examples:
  • Apolipoprotein A, which associates with high-density lipoprotein rather than apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins and promotes reverse cholesterol transport.
  • Apolipoprotein E, which mediates remnant lipoprotein clearance rather than primarily serving as a structural lipoprotein component.
  • Apolipoprotein C, which modulates lipoprotein lipase activity rather than providing structural integrity to lipoprotein particles.
• See: Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Atherosclerosis, Lipid Metabolism, Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor, Lipoprotein Receptor.
• References:
  • Boren J, et al. (2020). Apolipoprotein B: Structure, synthesis and function. Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology.
  • Sniderman AD, et al. (2019). Apolipoprotein B particles and cardiovascular disease: A narrative review. JAMA Cardiology.

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