Card Sorting Task
A Card Sorting Task is a Sorting Task that measures the cognitive flexibility of a person.
- Context:
- Task Input: a Card Sequence,
- Task Output:
- Psychometric Scores,
- Optional: an Ordered Card Set.
- It can be solved by a Card Sorting System that implements a Card Sorting Algorithm.
- Examples
- Counter-Example(s):
- a Bead Sort Task,
- a Bogosort Task,
- a Cubesort Task,
- a Shell Sort Task,
- a Binary Tree Sorting Task,
- a Divide-and-Conquer Sorting Task such as:
- a Bubble Sort Task,
- a Comb Sort Task.
- See: Cognitive Flexibility Task, Video Game, Card Game, First-Person Shooter Game, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Prefrontal Cortex, Posterior Parietal Cortex, Order Relation, Lexicographical Order.
References
2020a
- (Wikipedia, 2020) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_flexibility Retrieved:2020-1-31.
- Cognitive flexibility has been described as the mental ability to switch between thinking about two different concepts, and to think about multiple concepts simultaneously.[1] Cognitive flexibility is usually described as one of the executive functions.[2] Two subcategories of cognitive flexibility are task switching and cognitive shifting, depending on whether the change happens unconsciously or consciously, respectively.
Cognitive flexibility varies during the lifespan of an individual.[3] In addition, certain conditions such as obsessive–compulsive disorder are associated with reduced cognitive flexibility. Since cognitive flexibility is a vital component of learning,[4] deficits in this area might have other implications.
Methods of measuring cognitive flexibility include the A-not-B task, Dimensional Change Card Sorting Task, Multiple Classification Card Sorting Task, Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, and the Stroop Test. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) research has shown that specific brain regions are activated when a person engages in cognitive flexibility tasks. These regions include the prefrontal cortex (PFC), basal ganglia, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and posterior parietal cortex (PPC).[5] Studies conducted with people of various ages and with particular deficits have further informed how cognitive flexibility develops and changes within the brain.
- Cognitive flexibility has been described as the mental ability to switch between thinking about two different concepts, and to think about multiple concepts simultaneously.[1] Cognitive flexibility is usually described as one of the executive functions.[2] Two subcategories of cognitive flexibility are task switching and cognitive shifting, depending on whether the change happens unconsciously or consciously, respectively.
- ↑ Scott, William A. (December 1962). "Cognitive complexity and cognitive flexibility". Sociometry. 25 (4): 405–414. doi:10.2307/2785779. JSTOR 2785779.
- ↑ Cooper-Kahn, Joyce; Dietzel, Laurie C. (2008). "What is executive functioning?". ldonline.org. National Center for Learning Disabilities and WETA-TV. Archived from the original on September 20, 2014.
- ↑ Chelune, Gordon J.; Baer, Ruth A. (1986). "Developmental norms for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test". Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 8 (3): 219–228. doi:10.1080/01688638608401314. PMID 3722348.
- ↑ Boger-Mehall, Stephanie R. (1996). "Cognitive flexibility theory: implications for teaching and teacher education". learntechlib.org. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education. pp. 991–993. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
- ↑ Leber, A B; Turk-Browne N B; Chun M M (September 9, 2008). "Neural predictors of moment-to-moment fluctuations in cognitive flexibility". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (36): 13592–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805423105. PMC 2527350. PMID 18757744.
2020b
- (PsyToolkit, 2020) ⇒ https://www.psytoolkit.org/experiment-library/wcst.html#_introduction Retrieved:2020-1-31.
- QUOTE: Card sorting tests have a long tradition in psychology, going back more than a 100 years to the work of Ach. In 1948, Grant and Berg[1][2] published their now very famous Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. It is a test of cognitive reasoning. Later, in the 1960s, Milner[3] started to use this cognitive test to assess patient’s level of brain damage to the prefrontal cortex.
This task was developed for use with patients with brain damage. It is probably not so useful to compare executive control function in healthy people. Instead, you may better go for one of the task switching or N-back tasks.
In short, in the WCST, people have to classify cards according to different criteria. There are four different ways to classify each card, and the only feedback is whether the classification is correct or not. One can classify cards according to the color of its symbols, the shape of the symbols, or the number of the shapes on each card. The classification rule changes every 10 cards, and this implies that once the participant has figured out the rule, the participant will start making one or more mistakes when the rule changes. The task measures how well people can adapt to the changing rules.
- QUOTE: Card sorting tests have a long tradition in psychology, going back more than a 100 years to the work of Ach. In 1948, Grant and Berg[1][2] published their now very famous Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. It is a test of cognitive reasoning. Later, in the 1960s, Milner[3] started to use this cognitive test to assess patient’s level of brain damage to the prefrontal cortex.
- ↑ Berg, E.A. (1948). Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 404-411. A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 39, 15-22.
- ↑ Grant, D. A., & Berg, E. (1948). A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in Weigl-type card-sorting problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 404-411.
- ↑ Milner, B. (1963). Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting: The role of the frontal lobes. Archives of Neurology, 9, 100-110