Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was a person.
- AKA: Charles Robert Darwin.
- See: Scientist, Natural History, Geology, Species, Common Descent, Scientific Theory, Phylogenetics, Evolution, Natural Selection, Struggle For Existence, Artificial Selection.
References
2022
- (Wikipedia, 2022) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin Retrieved:2022-9-18.
- Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended from a common ancestor is now widely accepted and considered a fundamental concept in science. In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding.[1] Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, and he was honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey.[2] Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. By the 1870s, the scientific community and a majority of the educated public had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favoured competing explanations that gave only a minor role to natural selection, and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution.[3] [4] Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life. [5] [6] Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of Edinburgh; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates. Studies at the University of Cambridge (Christ's College) encouraged his passion for natural science.[7] His five-year voyage on established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's conception of gradual geological change, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author. Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin began detailed investigations and in 1838 conceived his theory of natural selection. Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research, and his geological work had priority. He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay that described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication of both their theories. Darwin's work established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature.[3] In 1871 he examined human evolution and sexual selection in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, followed by The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). His research on plants was published in a series of books, and in his final book, The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Actions of Worms (1881), he examined earthworms and their effect on soil.
- ↑ Larson 2004, pp. 79–111
- ↑ "Westminster Abbey » Charles Darwin". Westminster Abbey. 2 January 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2016. Leff 2000, Darwin's Burial
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 van Wyhe 2008
- ↑ Bowler 2003, pp. 178–179, 338, 347
- ↑ The Complete Works of Darwin Online – Biography. darwin-online.org.uk. Retrieved 2006-12-15
- ↑ As Darwinian scholar Joseph Carroll of the University of Missouri–St. Louis puts it in his introduction to a modern reprint of Darwin's work: "The Origin of Species has special claims on our attention. It is one of the two or three most significant works of all time—one of those works that fundamentally and permanently alter our vision of the world...It is argued with a singularly rigorous consistency but it is also eloquent, imaginatively evocative, and rhetorically compelling."
- ↑ Leff 2000, About Charles Darwin
1859
- (Darwin, 1859) ⇒ Charles Darwin. (1859). “On the Origin of Species, by Means of Natural Selection; Or, The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life." John Murray.