Dextromethorphan (DXM) Drug
A Dextromethorphan (DXM) Drug is a morphinan synthetic organic molecule that is a dextrorotatory enantiomer of levomethorphan.
- Context:
- It can (often) act as a Cough Suppresant.
- It can act as an Antidepressant.
- It can act as a Dissociative Hallucinogen.
- It can range from being an Over-The-Counter Drug to being a Recreational Drug.
- It can have been patented in 1949 and approved for medical use in 1953.
- It can affect NMDA, glutamate-1, and sigma-1 receptors in the human brain.
- It can be combined with quinidine to treat a variety of other neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions (still under clinical investigation).
- It can have side effects, such as:
- at low doses, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and skin rash.
- at high doses: hallucinations, disorientation, seizures, and respiratory depression.
- when combined with other drugs, such as antidepressants or MAOIs, can result in a potentially life-threatening condition called serotonin syndrome.
- …
- Example(s):
- as found in Auvelity,
- as found in Robitussin,
- as found in Delsym.
- …
- Counter-Example(s):
- See: Neurotrophic Factor, CYP2D6, NMDA Receptor Antagonist, Morphinan.
References
2023
- HTTP://chat.openai.com/chat
- A Dextromethorphan (DXM) is a medication that is classified as a cough suppressant and a dissociative hallucinogen. It is chemically related to morphinan and is a dextrorotatory enantiomer of levomethorphan. DXM works by affecting several neurotransmitter systems in the brain, including the NMDA receptor and sigma-1 receptors. It can be found in a variety of over-the-counter cough and cold medications, as well as prescription formulations. DXM is known to have a range of potential side effects, including dizziness, nausea, and vomiting at low doses and disorientation, hallucinations, and respiratory depression at high doses. DXM can also be dangerous when taken in combination with other drugs, particularly monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Some people also use DXM recreationally in high doses, which can be dangerous and cause a dissociative experience similar to that of ketamine or PCP.
Related concepts include opioids, cough suppressants, dissociative drugs, and NMDA receptor antagonists.
- A Dextromethorphan (DXM) is a medication that is classified as a cough suppressant and a dissociative hallucinogen. It is chemically related to morphinan and is a dextrorotatory enantiomer of levomethorphan. DXM works by affecting several neurotransmitter systems in the brain, including the NMDA receptor and sigma-1 receptors. It can be found in a variety of over-the-counter cough and cold medications, as well as prescription formulations. DXM is known to have a range of potential side effects, including dizziness, nausea, and vomiting at low doses and disorientation, hallucinations, and respiratory depression at high doses. DXM can also be dangerous when taken in combination with other drugs, particularly monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Some people also use DXM recreationally in high doses, which can be dangerous and cause a dissociative experience similar to that of ketamine or PCP.
2023
- (Wikipedia, 2023) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextromethorphan Retrieved:2023-2-26.
- Dextromethorphan (DXM) is a cough suppressant in over-the-counter cold and cough medicines. It affects NMDA, glutamate-1, and sigma-1 receptors in the brain, all of which have been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. In 2022, the FDA approved a formulation of it combined with bupropion named Auvelity to serve as a rapid acting antidepressant in patients with major depressive disorder. It is sold in syrup, instant release tablet, extended release tablet, spray, and lozenge forms.
It is in the morphinan class of medications with sedative, dissociative, and stimulant properties (at lower doses). Dextromethorphan does not have a significant affinity for the mu-opioid receptor activity typical of morphinan compounds and exerts its therapeutic effects through several other receptors.[1] In its pure form, dextromethorphan occurs as a white powder.[2]
Dextromethorphan is also used recreationally. When exceeding approved dosages, dextromethorphan acts as a dissociative hallucinogen. It has multiple mechanisms of action, including actions as a nonselective serotonin reuptake inhibitor[3] and a sigma-1 receptor agonist.[4] [5] Dextromethorphan and its major metabolite, dextrorphan, also block the NMDA receptor at high doses, which produces effects similar to other dissociative anesthetics such as ketamine, nitrous oxide, and phencyclidine.
It was patented in 1949 and approved for medical use in 1953.[6]
- Dextromethorphan (DXM) is a cough suppressant in over-the-counter cold and cough medicines. It affects NMDA, glutamate-1, and sigma-1 receptors in the brain, all of which have been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. In 2022, the FDA approved a formulation of it combined with bupropion named Auvelity to serve as a rapid acting antidepressant in patients with major depressive disorder. It is sold in syrup, instant release tablet, extended release tablet, spray, and lozenge forms.
- ↑ Taylor CP, Traynelis SF, Siffert J, Pope LE, Matsumoto RR (August 2016). "Pharmacology of dextromethorphan: Relevance to dextromethorphan/quinidine (Nuedexta®) clinical use". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 164: 170–182. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.04.010. PMID 27139517.
- ↑ "Reference Tables: Description and Solubility - D". Archived from the original on 2017-07-04. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
- ↑ Schwartz AR, Pizon AF, Brooks DE (September 2008). "Dextromethorphan-induced serotonin syndrome". Clinical Toxicology. 46 (8): 771–773. doi:10.1080/15563650701668625. PMID 19238739. S2CID 37817922.
- ↑ Shin EJ, Nah SY, Chae JS, Bing G, Shin SW, Yen TP, et al. (May 2007). "Dextromethorphan attenuates trimethyltin-induced neurotoxicity via sigma1 receptor activation in rats". Neurochemistry International. 50 (6): 791–799. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2007.01.008. PMID 17386960. S2CID 43230896.
- ↑ Shin EJ, Nah SY, Kim WK, Ko KH, Jhoo WK, Lim YK, et al. (April 2005). "The dextromethorphan analog dimemorfan attenuates kainate-induced seizures via sigma1 receptor activation: comparison with the effects of dextromethorphan". British Journal of Pharmacology. 144 (7): 908–918. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705998. PMC 1576070. PMID 15723099.
- ↑ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 527. ISBN 9783527607495.