International Space Station (ISS)
An International Space Station (ISS) is a space station that is a space habitat that serves as a multinational collaborative project for research and space exploration.
- Context:
- It is assembled and maintained in low Earth orbit by a collaboration of five space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), CSA (Canada), and their contractors, making it the largest space station ever built with the primary purpose of performing microgravity and space environment experiments.
- It was launched into orbit in 1998, the ISS functions as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which scientific research is conducted in astrobiology, astronomy, meteorology, physics, and other fields.
- It can host international flight crews and support globally distributed launch, flight operations, training, engineering, and development facilities, as well as communications networks and the international scientific research community .
- It can support an average crew size of six but has a maximum capacity for eight crew members.
- It can be a hub for an array of microgravity phenomena studies to benefit humans living on and off Earth.
- It often follows a detailed assembly plan where major modules have been launched by Proton and Soyuz rockets and by the Space Shuttle launch system.
- It orbits approximately 400 kilometers (about 250 miles) above Earth and traveling at an average speed of 28,000 kilometers per hour (17,500 miles per hour), it completes an orbit around Earth approximately every 90 minutes.
- It is divided into two sections: the Russian Orbital Segment assembled by Roscosmos and the US Orbital Segment assembled by NASA, JAXA, ESA and CSA.
- It has modular modular structure that consists of pressurized modules for crew living and working, solar arrays for power generation, and various unpressurized components such as trusses and thermal radiators.
- ...
- Example(s):
- Counter-Example(s):
- Mir Space Station, the predecessor to the ISS, primarily operated by Russia.
- Tiangong Space Station, China's modular space station.
- Lunar Base,
- Deep Space Probe,
- Satellite.
- See: Axiom Orbital Segment, International Space Station Programme, International Space Station Expedition, Soyuz MS-24, SpaceX Crew-8, Baikonur Cosmodrome, Microgravity Research, Space Exploration. Manned Spaceflight, Space Science.
References
2024a
- (Wikipedia, 2024) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station Retrieved:2024-3-19.
- The International Space Station (ISS) is a large space station assembled and maintained in low Earth orbit by a collaboration of five space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), CSA (Canada), and their contractors. ISS is the largest space station ever built. Its primary purpose is performing microgravity and space environment experiments.
Operationally the station is divided into two sections: the Russian Orbital Segment assembled by Roscosmos and the US Orbital Segment assembled by NASA, JAXA, ESA and CSA. A striking feature of the ISS is the Integrated Truss Structure, which connects the large solar panels and radiators to the pressurized modules. The pressurized modules are specialized for research, habitation, storage, spacecraft control and airlock functions. Visiting spacecraft dock to the station via its eight docking and berthing ports. The ISS maintains an orbit with an average altitude of and circles the Earth in roughly 93 minutes, completing orbits per day. The ISS programme combines two prior plans to construct crewed Earth-orbiting stations: Space Station Freedom planned by the United States, and the Mir-2 station planned by the Soviet Union. The first ISS module was launched in 1998. Major modules have been launched by Proton and Soyuz rockets and by the Space Shuttle launch system. The first long-term residents, Expedition 1, arrived on 2 November 2000. Since then the station has been continuously occupied for , the longest continuous human presence in space. , 273 individuals from 21 countries have visited the space station. The ISS is expected to have additional modules (the Axiom Orbital Segment, for example) before being de-orbited by a dedicated NASA spacecraft in January 2031.
- The International Space Station (ISS) is a large space station assembled and maintained in low Earth orbit by a collaboration of five space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), CSA (Canada), and their contractors. ISS is the largest space station ever built. Its primary purpose is performing microgravity and space environment experiments.
2024b
- (NASA.gov, 2024) ⇒ https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html Retrieved: 2024-03-31.
- QUOTE: The station was designed between 1984 and 1993. Elements of the station were in construction throughout the US, Canada, Japan, and Europe beginning in the late 1980s.
The International Space Station Program brings together international flight crews, multiple launch vehicles, globally distributed launch and flight operations, training, engineering, and development facilities, communications networks, and the international scientific research community.
- QUOTE: The station was designed between 1984 and 1993. Elements of the station were in construction throughout the US, Canada, Japan, and Europe beginning in the late 1980s.
2024c
- (ChatGPT-OpenAI, 2024) ⇒ Prompt: Summarize the concept International Space Station (ISS) in 1- 2 paragraphs. ChatGPT (model:gpt-4-turbo-preview). Retrieved: 2024-03-31.
- QUOTE: The International Space Station (ISS) is a large, habitable artificial satellite orbiting the Earth, serving as a multinational collaborative project involving space agencies from the United States (NASA), Russia (Roscosmos), Europe (ESA), Japan (JAXA), and Canada (CSA). Launched into orbit in 1998, the ISS functions as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which scientific research is conducted in astrobiology, astronomy, meteorology, physics, and other fields. It is a unique platform for the comprehensive study of the consequences of long-duration spaceflight on the human body, essential for the planning of long-term space exploration missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.
The ISS represents a remarkable achievement in engineering and international cooperation. Orbiting approximately 400 kilometers (about 250 miles) above Earth and traveling at an average speed of 28,000 kilometers per hour (17,500 miles per hour), it completes an orbit around Earth approximately every 90 minutes. The station's modular structure consists of pressurized modules for crew living and working, solar arrays for power generation, and various unpressurized components such as trusses and thermal radiators. Over the years, it has supported crews of astronauts and cosmonauts from various countries, demonstrating not only advancements in science and technology but also the potential for peaceful and cooperative international endeavors in space exploration.
- QUOTE: The International Space Station (ISS) is a large, habitable artificial satellite orbiting the Earth, serving as a multinational collaborative project involving space agencies from the United States (NASA), Russia (Roscosmos), Europe (ESA), Japan (JAXA), and Canada (CSA). Launched into orbit in 1998, the ISS functions as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which scientific research is conducted in astrobiology, astronomy, meteorology, physics, and other fields. It is a unique platform for the comprehensive study of the consequences of long-duration spaceflight on the human body, essential for the planning of long-term space exploration missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.