Open Society
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An Open Society is a society that ...
- See: Henri Bergson, Closed Mind, Authoritarianism, Moral Universalism, Tribe, Face-to-Face Interaction.
References
2018
- (Wikipedia, 2018) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/open_society Retrieved:2018-8-28.
- The open society was conceived in 1932 by French philosopher Henri Bergson. [1] [2] The idea was further developed during the Second World War by Austrian-born British philosopher Karl Popper. [3] [4] Bergson describes a closed society as a closed system of law or religion. It is static, like a closed mind.[5] Bergson suggests that if all traces of civilization were to disappear, the instincts of the closed society for including or excluding others would remain. [6] In contrast, an open society is dynamic and inclined to moral universalism. Popper saw the open society as part of a historical continuum reaching from the organic, tribal, or closed society, through the open society marked by a critical attitude to tradition, to the abstract or depersonalized society lacking all face-to-face interaction transactions. [7]
In open societies, the government is expected to be responsive and tolerant, and its political mechanisms transparent and flexible. It can be characterized as opposed to authoritarianism.
- The open society was conceived in 1932 by French philosopher Henri Bergson. [1] [2] The idea was further developed during the Second World War by Austrian-born British philosopher Karl Popper. [3] [4] Bergson describes a closed society as a closed system of law or religion. It is static, like a closed mind.[5] Bergson suggests that if all traces of civilization were to disappear, the instincts of the closed society for including or excluding others would remain. [6] In contrast, an open society is dynamic and inclined to moral universalism. Popper saw the open society as part of a historical continuum reaching from the organic, tribal, or closed society, through the open society marked by a critical attitude to tradition, to the abstract or depersonalized society lacking all face-to-face interaction transactions. [7]
- ↑ • Henri Bergson ([1932] 1937). Les Deux Sources de la morale et de la religion, ch. I, pp. 1-103, & ch. IV, pp. 287–343. Félix Alcan.
• Translated as ([1935] 1977), The Two Sources of Morality and Religion Internet Archive (left or right arrow buttons select succeeding pages), pp. 18-27, 45-65, 229-34. , trs., R. A. Audra and C. Brereton, with assistance of W. H. Carter. Macmillan press, Notre Dame. - ↑ Leszek Kołakowski, Modernity on Endless Trial (1997), p. 162
- ↑ K. R. Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies, 2 vols. ([1945] 1966), 5th ed.
- ↑ A. N. Wilson, Our Times (2008), pp. 17–18
- ↑ Thomas Mautner (2005), 2nd ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy ["open society" entry], p. 443.
- ↑ Henri Bergson, The Two Sources of Morality and Religion, pp. 20-21. 1935, Macmillan.
- ↑ K. R. Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies (1945), v 1:1 and 174–75.
1945
- (Popper, 1945) ⇒ Karl R. Popper. (1945). “The Open Society and Its Enemies." Routledge,