Robot Attention Demand Measure
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A Robot Attention Demand Measure is a proportion measure of the fraction of total task time that a human operator must attend to a given robot.
- AKA: Robot Attention Demand (RAD).
- Context:
- It can typically be computed as RAD = IE / (IE + NT), where IE is the interaction effort the operator spends on the robot and NT is the robot's neglect tolerance.
- It can typically be reported as a unitless fraction of the operator's time consumed by interacting with the robot.
- It can typically be reduced by increasing neglect tolerance or by decreasing interaction effort.
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- It can often be measured indirectly through the operator's free time (FT = 1 − RAD), using a secondary task such as mental arithmetic as a surrogate.
- It can often get worse when a gain in neglect tolerance costs more in interaction effort, since the two are not independent.
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- It can range from being close to 0, for a robot that can be left alone for long periods relative to its interaction effort, to being 1, for a robot that needs the operator's continuous attention.
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- It can be inverted to give a fan-out (FO = 1 / RAD).
- It can be one form of an Attention Expenditure Measure, for the attention a single robot draws from its operator.
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- Example(s):
- the robot attention demand of a robot in an illustrative robot world, which would be shown reduced if the operator found more objects in a secondary counting task without the robot taking longer to reach its target (Olsen & Goodrich, 2003).
- the worse robot attention demand of a robot that accepts predicate-logic instructions, whose longer neglect tolerance is outweighed by the effort of writing those instructions.
- a robot attention demand approaching 1 for a teleoperated robot or for driving a car, whose neglect tolerance is very small.
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- Counter-Example(s):
- a Fan-Out Measure (Human-Robot Interaction), which counts the robots one operator can run rather than the share of time one robot takes.
- a Mental Attention Measure, which concerns how selectively a person concentrates rather than how much of the person's time a robot takes.
- a NASA-TLX rating, which is a subjective workload score rather than a fraction of task time.
- See: Neglect Tolerance (Human-Robot Interaction), Fan-Out Measure (Human-Robot Interaction), Human-Robot Interaction Task, Attention Expenditure Measure.
References
2003
- (Olsen & Goodrich, 2003) ⇒ Dan R. Olsen, and Michael A. Goodrich. (2003). “Metrics for Evaluating Human-Robot Interactions.” In: Proceedings of the Performance Metrics for Intelligent Systems Workshop (PERMIS 2003).
- ABSTRACT: ... The autonomy of a robot is measured by its neglect time. The robot attention demand metric measures how much of the user’s attention is involved with instructing a robot. The free-time and fan-out metrics are two ways to measure this demand. Each of them leads to estimates of the interaction effort. ...
- QUOTE: ... We call this robot attention demand or RAD. This is a measure of the fraction of total task time that a user must attend to a given robot. We define RAD as a relationship between NT and something we call interaction effort (IE). ... The relationship between these three measures is defined as follows: [equation: RAD = IE / (IE + NT)]. RAD is a unitless quantity that represents the fraction of a human’s time that is consumed by interacting with a robot. ... In the case of teleoperated robots or simple driving a car, NT is very small and thus RAD approaches 1. ... Reducing RAD can be done by increasing NT or decreasing IE. Increasing NT will not always decrease RAD because NT and IE are not independent. ...
- QUOTE: ... A metric related to RAD is the user’s free time (FT). This is the fraction of the task time that the user does not need to pay attention to the robot. We define free time as: [equation: FT = 1.0 − RAD]. ...