State of Underemployment
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A State of Underemployment is a societal state with an underemployed worker population (who are involuntarily underutilized) as measured by an underemployment measure.
- AKA: Underemployment Phenomenon.
- Context:
- It can range from being a State of Large-Scale Underemployment to being a State of Small-Scale Underemployment.
- ...
- Example(s):
- a Part-time Worker wanting Full-time Work who can only find work for three hours per day (because there are many others in the same position).
- a State of Technological Underemployment.
- a State of Overqualification, such as a medical doctor working as a cab driver (because their medical license is not recognized).
- …
- Counter-Example(s):
- See: Job (Role), Job Skill, Overqualification, Skill.
References
2020
- (Wikipedia, 2020) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/underemployment Retrieved:2020-8-8.
- Underemployment is the underuse of a worker because a job does not use the worker's skills, is part-time, or leaves the worker idle. [1] Examples include holding a part-time job despite desiring full-time work, and overqualification, in which the employee has education, experience, or skills beyond the requirements of the job. [2] [3] Underemployment has been studied from a variety of perspectives, including economics, management, psychology, and sociology. In economics, for example, the term underemployment has three different distinct meanings and applications. All of the meanings involve a situation in which a person is working, unlike unemployment, where a person who is searching for work cannot find a job. All meanings involve under-utilization of labor which is missed by most official (governmental agency) definitions and measurements of unemployment. In economics, underemployment can refer to: # “Overqualification", or "overeducation", or the employment of workers with high education, skill levels, or experience in jobs that do not require such abilities. [4] For example, a trained medical doctor with a foreign credential who works as a taxi driver would experience this type of underemployment. # "Involuntary part-time" work, where workers who could (and would like to) be working for a full work-week can only find part-time work. By extension, the term is also used in regional planning to describe regions where economic activity rates are unusually low, due to a lack of job opportunities, training opportunities, or due to a lack of services such as childcare and public transportation.
- "Overstaffing" or "hidden unemployment" or "disguised unemployment" (also called "labor hoarding" [5] ), the practice in which businesses or entire economies employ workers who are not fully occupied; for example, workers currently not being used to produce goods or services due to legal or social restrictions or because the work is highly seasonal. Underemployment is a significant cause of poverty because although the worker may be able to find part-time work, the part-time pay may not be sufficient for basic needs. Underemployment is a problem particularly in developing countries, where the unemployment rate is often quite low, as most workers are doing subsistence work or occasional part-time jobs. The global average of full-time workers per adult population is only 26%, compared to 30–52% in developed countries and 5–20% in most of Africa.
- Underemployment is the underuse of a worker because a job does not use the worker's skills, is part-time, or leaves the worker idle. [1] Examples include holding a part-time job despite desiring full-time work, and overqualification, in which the employee has education, experience, or skills beyond the requirements of the job. [2] [3] Underemployment has been studied from a variety of perspectives, including economics, management, psychology, and sociology. In economics, for example, the term underemployment has three different distinct meanings and applications. All of the meanings involve a situation in which a person is working, unlike unemployment, where a person who is searching for work cannot find a job. All meanings involve under-utilization of labor which is missed by most official (governmental agency) definitions and measurements of unemployment. In economics, underemployment can refer to: # “Overqualification", or "overeducation", or the employment of workers with high education, skill levels, or experience in jobs that do not require such abilities. [4] For example, a trained medical doctor with a foreign credential who works as a taxi driver would experience this type of underemployment. # "Involuntary part-time" work, where workers who could (and would like to) be working for a full work-week can only find part-time work. By extension, the term is also used in regional planning to describe regions where economic activity rates are unusually low, due to a lack of job opportunities, training opportunities, or due to a lack of services such as childcare and public transportation.
- ↑ Feldman, D. C. (1996). The nature, antecedents and consequences of underemployment. Journal of Management, 22(3), 385–407.
- ↑ Chohan, Usman W. "Young people worldwide fear a lack of opportunities, it's easy to see why" The Conversation. September 13, 2016.
- ↑ Chohan, Usman W. "Young, Educated and Underemployed: Are we Building a Nation of PhD Baristas" The Conversation. January 15, 2016.
- ↑ Erdogan, B., & Bauer, T. N. (2009). Perceived overqualification and its outcomes: The moderating role of empowerment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 557–65.
- ↑ Felices, G. (2003). Assessing the Extent of Labour Hoarding. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, 43(2), 198–206.
2014
- (Wikipedia, 2014) ⇒ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/underemployment Retrieved:2014-10-16.
- Underemployment refers to an employment situation that is insufficient in some important way for the worker, relative to a standard. ...
2013
- http://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/underemployment.asp
- QUOTE: A measure of employment and labor utilization in the economy that looks at how well the labor force is being utilized in terms of skills, experience and availability to work. Labor that falls under the underemployment classification includes those workers that are highly skilled but working in low paying jobs, workers that are highly skilled but work in low skill jobs and part-time workers that would prefer to be full-time. This is different from unemployment in that the individual is working but isn't working at their full capability.
For example, an individual with an engineering degree working as a pizza delivery man as his main source of income is considered to be underemployed and underutilized by the economy as he in theory can provide a greater benefit to the overall economy if he were working as an engineer. Also, an individual that is working part-time at an office job instead of full-time is considered underemployed because they are willing to provide more employment, which can increase the overall output.
- QUOTE: A measure of employment and labor utilization in the economy that looks at how well the labor force is being utilized in terms of skills, experience and availability to work. Labor that falls under the underemployment classification includes those workers that are highly skilled but working in low paying jobs, workers that are highly skilled but work in low skill jobs and part-time workers that would prefer to be full-time. This is different from unemployment in that the individual is working but isn't working at their full capability.
2011
- (Maynard & Feldman, 2011) ⇒ Douglas C Maynard, and Daniel C Feldman. (2011). “Underemployment: Psychological, Economic, and Social Challenges.” Springer.
- OVERVIEW: Underemployment: Psychological, Economic, and Social Challenges is the first book to provide an in-depth examination of the causes, dynamics, and consequences of underemployment and how the problem might be addressed. Experts from management, economics, psychology, and sociology present their unique approaches to understanding underemployment in terms of theory development, empirical findings, and implications for policy and practice. Some of the major topics covered include:
- Effects of underemployment on short-run and long-run earnings
- Underemployment among youth, women, older workers, immigrants, and minorities
- Effects of underemployment on mental health and physical health
- Impact of underemployment on family members, friends, and communities
- Measurement and tracking of underemployment over time
- Effects of underemployment on work attitudes and job performance
- Directions for future theoretical and empirical research on underemployment
- A comprehensive look at a most timely issue, Underemployment: Psychological, Economic, and Social Challenges will inform the work of researchers, scholars, managers, and policy makers dealing with underemployment issues for years to come.
- OVERVIEW: Underemployment: Psychological, Economic, and Social Challenges is the first book to provide an in-depth examination of the causes, dynamics, and consequences of underemployment and how the problem might be addressed. Experts from management, economics, psychology, and sociology present their unique approaches to understanding underemployment in terms of theory development, empirical findings, and implications for policy and practice. Some of the major topics covered include: