Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE)

A Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) is a person.

• AKA: Gaius Julius Caesar, Caesar, Divus Julius.
• Context:
  • It can typically demonstrate Roman Military Leadership through Gallic conquest campaigns and civil war victorys.
  • It can typically achieve Roman Political Dominance through populist alliances and constitutional crisis exploitation.
  • It can typically reform Roman Administrative Systems through calendrical reforms and citizenship expansions.
  • It can typically expand Roman Territorial Control through systematic conquests and provincial reorganizations.
  • It can typically cultivate Caesar Personal Loyalty through soldier benefactions and veteran settlement programs.
  • It can typically be associated with Julius Caesar Quotes and Julius Caesar Literary Works.
  • ...
  • It can often challenge Roman Republican Institutions through emergency power accumulation and senatorial bypass maneuvers.
  • It can often document Caesar Military Achievements through Commentarii de Bello Gallico and Commentarii de Bello Civili.
  • It can often establish Roman Client Kingdoms through local ruler appointments and tributary arrangements.
  • It can often demonstrate Roman Clemency Policy through political opponent pardonings.
  • ...
  • It can range from being a Traditional Roman Magistrate Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) to being a Autocratic Ruler Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE), depending on its Roman political authority evolution.
  • It can range from being a Republican Official Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) to being a Imperial Precedent Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE), depending on its Roman constitutional position.
  • It can range from being a Historical Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) to being a Legendary Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE), depending on its historical source interpretation.
  • ...
  • It can establish Roman Imperial Precedents through perpetual dictatorship assumption and divine association cultivation.
  • It can transform Roman Military Loyalty Structures from state-centered allegiance to commander-personal devotion.
  • It can create Julian Calendar System replacing the Roman Republican Calendar.
  • It can inspire Assassination of Julius Caesar (44 BCE) through republican resistance mobilization.
  • ...
• Example(s):
  • Julius Caesar Political Career Phases, such as:
    • Early Career Julius Caesar (100-69 BCE), including:
      • Flamen Dialis Nominee Julius Caesar (87 BCE) designated for Roman priestly office.
      • Military Tribune Julius Caesar (72 BCE) serving in Roman Asia Province.
      • Quaestor Julius Caesar (69 BCE) administering Roman provincial finances in Hispania Ulterior.
    • Rising Politician Julius Caesar (68-60 BCE), including:
      • Aedile Julius Caesar (65 BCE) staging spectacular Roman public games for popular support.
      • Pontifex Maximus Julius Caesar (63 BCE) securing lifetime Roman religious authority.
      • Praetor Julius Caesar (62 BCE) presiding over Roman judicial proceedings.
    • First Triumvirate Period Julius Caesar (60-53 BCE) forming secret political alliance with Pompey Magnus and Marcus Crassus.
    • Consul Julius Caesar (59 BCE) implementing agrarian legislation against senatorial opposition.
    • Proconsul Julius Caesar (58-49 BCE) commanding Roman legions in Gallic Wars.
    • Dictator Julius Caesar (49-44 BCE) wielding supreme Roman authority during Roman Civil War (49-45 BCE).
  • Julius Caesar Military Campaigns, such as:
    • Helvetii Campaign Julius Caesar (58 BCE) preventing Celtic migration into Roman Gaul.
    • Ariovistus Campaign Julius Caesar (58 BCE) expelling Germanic forces from Gallic territory.
    • Belgae Conquest Julius Caesar (57 BCE) subjugating northern Gallic confederation.
    • Veneti Naval Campaign Julius Caesar (56 BCE) defeating Atlantic maritime power.
    • Rhine Crossing Julius Caesar (55 BCE) demonstrating Roman engineering superiority.
    • Britain Invasion Julius Caesar (55-54 BCE) conducting first Roman reconnaissance expeditions.
    • Vercingetorix War Julius Caesar (52 BCE) defeating unified Gallic resistance.
    • Dyrrhachium-Pharsalus Campaign Julius Caesar (48 BCE) defeating Pompeian forces.
  • Julius Caesar Reforms, such as:
    • Julian Calendar Reform (46 BCE) establishing 365.25-day solar year.
    • Roman Citizenship Extension to Cisalpine Gaul inhabitants.
    • Debt Relief Measures addressing Roman economic crisis.
    • Urban Planning Initiatives including Forum Julium construction.
  • Julius Caesar Historical Reception Periods, such as:
    • Augustan Era Julius Caesar Reception (27 BCE-14 CE) as divine ancestor of Roman Emperors.
    • Medieval Julius Caesar Reception (500-1500) as exemplar of secular authority.
    • Renaissance Julius Caesar Reception (1400-1600) in political theory treatises and dramatic literature.
    • Modern Julius Caesar Reception (1700-present) as subject of historical analysis and popular culture representation.
  • ...
• Counter-Example(s):
  • Cincinnatus (519-430 BCE), who voluntarily relinquished dictatorial power rather than seeking permanent authority.
  • Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BCE), who defended republican principles through oratory rather than military force.
  • Cato the Younger (95-46 BCE), who chose suicide rather than accepting Caesar clemency.
  • Pompey Magnus (106-48 BCE), who maintained senatorial alliances rather than pursuing populist revolution.
  • Sulla Felix (138-78 BCE), who voluntarily retired after constitutional restoration rather than maintaining dictatorial control.
  • Augustus Caesar (63 BCE-14 CE), who succeeded where Caesar failed in establishing lasting imperial system.
• See: Roman Republic, Roman Dictator, First Triumvirate, Gallic Wars, Roman Civil War (49-45 BCE), Ides of March, Roman Empire Foundation, Latin Literature, Commentarii, Cleopatra VII, Marcus Junius Brutus, Mark Antony, Roman Calendar, Crossing the Rubicon.

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References

2016

• (Wikipedia, 2016) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar Retrieved:2016-6-6.
  • Gaius Julius Caesar(13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), known as Julius Caesar, was a Roman statesman, general, and notable author of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed a political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power through populist tactics were opposed by the conservative ruling class within the Roman Senate, among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar's victories in the Gallic Wars, completed by 51 BC, extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine. Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both when he built a bridge across the Rhine and conducted the first invasion of Britain. These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse the standing of Pompey, who had realigned himself with the Senate after the death of Crassus in 53 BC. With the Gallic Wars concluded, the Senate ordered Caesar to step down from his military command and return to Rome. Caesar refused the order, and instead marked his defiance in 49 BC by crossing the Rubicon with a legion, leaving his province and illegally entering Roman Italy under arms. Civil war resulted, and Caesar's victory in the war put him in an unrivaled position of power and influence. After assuming control of government, Caesar began a programme of social and governmental reforms, including the creation of the Julian calendar. He centralized the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed “dictator in perpetuity", giving him additional authority. But the underlying political conflicts had not been resolved, and on the Ides of March (15 March) 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated by a group of rebellious senators led by Marcus Junius Brutus. A new series of civil wars broke out, and the constitutional government of the Republic was never fully restored. Caesar's adopted heir Octavian, later known as Augustus, rose to sole power after defeating his opponents in the civil war. Octavian set about solidifying his power, and the era of the Roman Empire began. Much of Caesar's life is known from his own accounts of his military campaigns, and from other contemporary sources, mainly the letters and speeches of Cicero and the historical writings of Sallust. The later biographies of Caesar by Suetonius and Plutarch are also major sources. Caesar is considered by many historians to be one of the greatest military commanders in history.

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