Doctor of Jurisprudence
A Doctor of Jurisprudence is a post-graduate professional doctorate in law.
- AKA: Juris Doctor (JD), Doctor of Law.
- Context:
- It can (often) take three years to complete.
- It can (often) cover topics, such as: Constitutional law, Criminal law, Civil procedure, Contracts, Torts, Property law, Legal Evidence, Legal research and writing, Legal Ethics.
- …
- Example(s):
- one offered at Harvard Law School (HLS).
- …
- Counter-Example(s):
- See: USPTO Registration Examination, Professional Degree, Professional Doctorate, Research Doctorate.
References
2023
- (Wikipedia, 2023) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor Retrieved:2023-9-1.
- A Juris Doctor, a Doctor of Jurisprudence, or a Doctor of Law (abbreviated JD) is a graduate-entry professional degree in law. The JD is the standard degree obtained to practice law in the United States, where there is no undergraduate professional law degree. Some jurisdictions, such as Australia, Canada and Hong Kong, offer both the JD and undergraduate qualifying law degrees.
It has the academic standing of a professional doctorate (in contrast to a research doctorate) in the United States,[1] [2] and is described as a "doctor's degree – professional practice" by the United States Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics. [3] In Australia and Hong Kong, it has the academic standing of a master's degree,[4] and it is considered a second-entry bachelor's degree in Canada. [5] Notwithstanding the use of the word "doctor" in the title, JD holders typically do not use the honorific "Dr".
The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th-century as a modern version of the old European Doctor of Law degrees, such as the Dottore in Giurisprudenza in Italy, and the Juris Utriusque Doctor in Germany and central Europe. A century prior, the most common law degree awarded in the US was termed the LLB, but by the late 20th century, the LLB was phased out in favor of the JD. JD programs in the US are typically three years full time, although some law schools offer longer part-time as well as accelerated programs. ABA Rules do not allow an accredited JD to be obtained in less than 2 years.[6] [7]
To be fully authorized to practice law in the courts of a given state in the United States, the majority of individuals holding a JD degree must pass a bar examination, except from the state of Wisconsin. US patent courts also involve a specialized "Patent Bar" which require applicants to hold an additional degree in certain scientific fields alongside their JD.[8]
- A Juris Doctor, a Doctor of Jurisprudence, or a Doctor of Law (abbreviated JD) is a graduate-entry professional degree in law. The JD is the standard degree obtained to practice law in the United States, where there is no undergraduate professional law degree. Some jurisdictions, such as Australia, Canada and Hong Kong, offer both the JD and undergraduate qualifying law degrees.
- ↑ Time to degree of U.S. research doctorate recipients (Report). NSF InfoBrief, Science Resource Statistics. Vol. 06–312. U.S. National Science Foundation. 2006. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2016 – mentions that the J.D. is a "professional doctorate", in § 'Data notes'
- ↑ "Ethics Opinion 1969-5". San Diego County Bar Association. 1969. Archived from the original on 11 April 2003. Retrieved 26 May 2008 – describes differences between academic and professional doctorates; contains a statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate, in § 'Other references'.
- ↑ Structure of U.S. Education: First professional degrees (DOC). National Center for Education Statistics (Report). U.S. Department of Education. April 2020. Archived from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020. NCES discontinued the use of the term "first professional degree" as of its 2010–2011 data collection.
- ↑ "AQF qualification titles" (PDF). Australian Qualifications Framework Council. June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
- ↑ "Canadian Degree Qualifications Framework" (PDF). Ministerial Statement on Quality Assurance of Degree Education in Canada. Canada: Council of Ministers of Education. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2016. Programs with a professional focus ... Some of them are first-entry programs, others are second-entry programs ... Though considered to be bachelor's programs in academic standing, some professional programs yield degrees with other nomenclature. Examples: DDS (Dental Surgery), MD (Medicine), LLB, or JD (Juris Doctor)
- ↑ "JD Program & Policies". University of Washington School of Law. Archived from the original on 23 September 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
- ↑ Russo, Eugene (2004). "The changing length of Ph.D.s". Nature. 431 (7006): 382–383. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..382R. doi:10.1038/nj7006-382a. PMID 15372047. S2CID 4373950.
- ↑ United States Patent and Trademark Office (27 March 2017). "Becoming a Patent Practitioner". USPTO.gov. United States Government. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2021. Learn about applying for registration to practice in patent matters before the USPTO, including requirements, forms, and exam information."