Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Treatment

A Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Treatment is a mood disorder treatment for MDD.

• Context:
  • It can be assessed with an MDD Treatment Clinical Study.
  • …
• Example(s):
  • Pharmacological MDD Treatment (a pharmacological treatment).
  • Psychotherapeutic MDD Treatment (a psychotherapeutic treatment).
  • Interventional MDD Treatment (an interventional treatment).
  • Lifestyle Modification MDD Treatment (a lifestyle modification treatment).
  • …
• Counter-Example(s):
  • Minor Depression Disorder Treatment.
  • Mania Disorder Treatment.
  • Bipolar Disorder Treatment.
• See: Antidepressant, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Electroconvulsive Therapy.

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References

2022

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/
  • QUOTE: Major depressive disorder can be managed with various treatment modalities, including pharmacological, psychotherapeutic, interventional, and lifestyle modification. The initial treatment of MDD includes medications or/and psychotherapy. Combination treatment, including both medications and psychotherapy, has been found to be more effective than either of these treatments alone.[8][9] Electroconvulsive therapy is found to be more efficacious than any other form of treatment for severe major depression.[10]
  • FDA-approved medications for the treatment of MDD are as follows: All antidepressants are equally effective but differ in side-effect profiles.
    • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) include fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram, escitalopram, paroxetine, and fluvoxamine. They are usually the first line of treatment and the most widely prescribed antidepressants.
    • Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) include venlafaxine, duloxetine, desvenlafaxine, levomilnacipran, and milnacipran. They are often used for depressed patients with comorbid pain disorders.
    • Serotonin modulators are trazodone, vilazodone, and vortioxetine.
    • Atypical antidepressants include bupropion and mirtazapine. They are often prescribed as monotherapy or as augmenting agents when patients develop sexual side-effects due to SSRIs or SNRIs.
    • Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are amitriptyline, imipramine, clomipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline, and desipramine.
    • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) available are tranylcypromine, phenelzine, selegiline, and isocarboxazid. MAOIs and TCAs are not commonly used due to the high incidence of side-effects and lethality in overdose.
    • Other medications include mood-stabilizers, antipsychotics which may be added to enhance antidepressant effects.
  • Psychotherapy.
    • Cognitive-behavioral therapy
    • Interpersonal therapy
  • Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT).
    • Acute suicidality
    • Severe depression during pregnancy
    • Refusal to eat/drink
    • Catatonia
    • Severe psychosis
  • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).
    • FDA-approved for treatment-resistant/refractory depression; for patients who have failed at least one medication trial
    • Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)
    • FDA-approved as a long-term adjunctive treatment for treatment-resistant depression; for patients who have failed at least 4 medication trials
  • Esketamine.
    • Nasal spray to be used in conjunction with an oral antidepressant in treatment-resistant depression; for patients who have failed other antidepressant medications

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