Retrieval-Augmented Natural Language Generation (RAG) Algorithm

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A Retrieval-Augmented Natural Language Generation (RAG) Algorithm is an NLG algorithm that utilizes retrieved text to augment the generation process.

References

2024

  • (Gao et al., 2024) ⇒ Yunfan Gao, Yun Xiong, Xinyu Gao, Kangxiang Jia, Jinliu Pan, Yuxi Bi, Yi Dai, Jiawei Sun, Qianyu Guo, Meng Wang, and Haofen Wang. (2024). “Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey.” doi:10.48550/arXiv.2312.10997
    • NOTES:
      • It details RAG's integration in LLMs for handling challenges like hallucination and outdated knowledge, enhancing accuracy by merging intrinsic knowledge with dynamic external databases.
      • It explores RAG's evolution across Naive, Advanced, and Modular frameworks, focusing on improvements in retrieval, generation, and augmentation techniques.
      • It highlights RAG's role in mitigating LLM limitations for domain-specific queries through external data retrieval, enhancing response accuracy and relevance.
      • It delineates the progression of RAG research, from initial knowledge assimilation efforts to a hybrid approach combining RAG and fine-tuning for LLM controllability.
      • It emphasizes RAG's systematic approach, incorporating cutting-edge retrieval and integration methods, and introduces evaluation metrics for RAG models.
      • It breaks down RAG's framework into distinct paradigms, discussing improvements in retrieval quality and the introduction of novel modules like Search and Memory.
      • It delves into RAG's generation phase, discussing strategies for post-retrieval processing and LLM fine-tuning to enhance response quality and relevance.
      • It discusses RAG's augmentation stage, detailing pre-training, fine-tuning, and inference stages, and the use of structured and unstructured data for improved context.
      • It compares RAG and fine-tuning in LLM optimization, highlighting their differences in knowledge updates, model customization, and computational resource requirements.
      • It concludes with future prospects for RAG, outlining ongoing challenges, expansion into multimodal domains, and the growing ecosystem of RAG technologies.

2023

2022

  • https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sagemaker/latest/dg/jumpstart-foundation-models-customize-rag.html
    • QUOTE: Foundation models are usually trained offline, making the model agnostic to any data that is created after the model was trained. Additionally, foundation models are trained on very general domain corpora, making them less effective for domain-specific tasks. You can use Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) to retrieve data from outside a foundation model and augment your prompts by adding the relevant retrieved data in context. For more information about RAG model architectures, see Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks.

      With RAG, the external data used to augment your prompts can come from multiple data sources, such as a document repositories, databases, or APIs. The first step is to convert your documents and any user queries into a compatible format to perform relevancy search. To make the formats compatible, a document collection, or knowledge library, and user-submitted queries are converted to numerical representations using embedding language models. Embedding is the process by which text is given numerical representation in a vector space. RAG model architectures compare the embeddings of user queries within the vector of the knowledge library. The original user prompt is then appended with relevant context from similar documents within the knowledge library. This augmented prompt is then sent to the foundation model. You can update knowledge libraries and their relevant embeddings asynchronously.

2020

2020

  • https://ai.facebook.com/blog/retrieval-augmented-generation-streamlining-the-creation-of-intelligent-natural-language-processing-models/
    • QUOTE: RAG looks and acts like a standard seq2seq model, meaning it takes in one sequence and outputs a corresponding sequence. There is an intermediary step though, which differentiates and elevates RAG above the usual seq2seq methods. Rather than passing the input directly to the generator, RAG instead uses the input to retrieve a set of relevant documents, in our case from Wikipedia.

      Given the prompt “When did the first mammal appear on Earth?” for instance, RAG might surface documents for “Mammal,” “History of Earth,” and “Evolution of Mammals.” These supporting documents are then concatenated as context with the original input and fed to the seq2seq model that produces the actual output. RAG thus has two sources of knowledge: the knowledge that seq2seq models store in their parameters (parametric memory) and the knowledge stored in the corpus from which RAG retrieves passages (nonparametric memory).

      These two sources complement each other. We found that RAG uses its nonparametric memory to “cue” the seq2seq model into generating correct responses, essentially combining the flexibility of the “closed-book” or parametric-only approach with the performance of “open-book” or retrieval-based methods. RAG employs a form of late fusion to integrate knowledge from all retrieved documents, meaning it makes individual answer predictions for document-question pairs and then aggregates the final prediction scores. Critically, using late fusion allows us to back-propagate error signals in the output to the retrieval mechanism, which can substantially improve the performance of the end-to-end system.

    • Combining a retrieval-based component with a generative component has advantages even in purely extractive tasks, such as the open-domain NaturalQuestions task. Performance improves when RAG has access to documents that contain clues to the correct answer but where the answer is never stated verbatim, and RAG even generates correct answers in certain situations where the correct answer is nowhere to be found in any of the retrieved documents. We obtained very strong results on NaturalQuestions, CuratedTrec, and WebQuestions with RAG, demonstrating that state-of-the-art machine reading performance can be achieved with a generative, rather than extractive, reader..

2020

2020

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