Alkaloid
An Alkaloid is a organic compounds that contains at least one nitrogen atom.
- See: Tropane Alkaloid, Amine.
References
2023
- (Wikipedia, 2023) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alkaloid Retrieved:2023-1-7.
- Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral[1] and even weakly acidic properties. [2] Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. [3] In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.[4] Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction, or solvent extractions followed by silica-gel column chromatography.[5]
Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimalarial (e.g. quinine), antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), anticancer (e.g. homoharringtonine),[6] cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine),[7] vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine),[8] antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine),[9] and antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. piperine).[10] Many have found use in traditional or modern medicine, or as starting points for drug discovery. Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and stimulant activities (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine), and have been used in entheogenic rituals or as recreational drugs. Alkaloids can be toxic too (e.g. atropine, tubocurarine). Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans and other animals, they almost uniformly evoke a bitter taste.[11]
The boundary between alkaloids and other nitrogen-containing natural compounds is not clear-cut.[12] Compounds like amino acid peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acid, amines, and antibiotics are usually not called alkaloids. Natural compounds containing nitrogen in the exocyclic position (mescaline, serotonin, dopamine, etc.) are usually classified as amines rather than as alkaloids. [13] Some authors, however, consider alkaloids a special case of amines. [14] [15] [16]
- Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral[1] and even weakly acidic properties. [2] Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. [3] In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.[4] Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction, or solvent extractions followed by silica-gel column chromatography.[5]
- ↑ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "alkaloids". doi:10.1351/goldbook.A00220
- ↑ R. H. F. Manske. The Alkaloids. Chemistry and Physiology. Volume VIII. – New York: Academic Press, 1965, p. 673
- ↑ Robert Alan Lewis. Lewis' dictionary of toxicology. CRC Press, 1998, p. 51
- ↑ Chemical Encyclopedia: alkaloids. xumuk.ru
- ↑ Gonçalves Paterson Fox, Eduardo; Russ Solis, Daniel; Delazari dos Santos, Lucilene; Aparecido dos Santos Pinto, Jose Roberto; Ribeiro da Silva Menegasso, Anally; Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva, Rafael; Sergio Palma, Mario; Correa Bueno, Odair; de Alcântara Machado, Ednildo (April 2013). "A simple, rapid method for the extraction of whole fire ant venom (Insecta: Formicidae: Solenopsis)". Toxicon. 65: 5–8. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.12.009. hdl:11449/74946. PMID 23333648
- ↑ Roberts, M. F. (Margaret F.) (1998). Alkaloids : Biochemistry, Ecology, and Medicinal Applications. Wink, Michael. Boston, MA: Springer US. ISBN 9781475729054. OCLC 851770197
- ↑ Gonçalves Paterson Fox, Eduardo; Russ Solis, Daniel; Delazari dos Santos, Lucilene; Aparecido dos Santos Pinto, Jose Roberto; Ribeiro da Silva Menegasso, Anally; Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva, Rafael; Sergio Palma, Mario; Correa Bueno, Odair; de Alcântara Machado, Ednildo (April 2013). "A simple, rapid method for the extraction of whole fire ant venom (Insecta: Formicidae: Solenopsis)". Toxicon. 65: 5–8. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.12.009. hdl:11449/74946. PMID 23333648.
- ↑ Raymond S. Sinatra; Jonathan S. Jahr; J. Michael Watkins-Pitchford (2010). The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–90. ISBN 978-1139491983.
- ↑ Cushnie TP, Cushnie B, Lamb AJ (2014). "Alkaloids: An overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities". Int J Antimicrob Agents. 44 (5): 377–386. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.001. PMID 25130096.
- ↑ Qiu S, Sun H, Zhang AH, Xu HY, Yan GL, Han Y, Wang XJ (2014). "Natural alkaloids: basic aspects, biological roles, and future perspectives". Chin J Nat Med. 12 (6): 401–406. doi:10.1016/S1875-5364(14)60063-7. PMID 24969519.
- ↑ Robbers JE, Speedie MK, Tyler VE (1996). "Chapter 9: Alkaloids". Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. pp. 143–185. ISBN 978-0683085006.
- ↑ Robert A. Meyers Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology – Alkaloids, 3rd edition.
- ↑ Leland J. Cseke Natural Products from Plants Second Edition. – CRC, 2006, p. 30
- ↑ A. William Johnson Invitation to Organic Chemistry, Jones and Bartlett, 1999, p. 433
- ↑ Raj K Bansal A Text Book of Organic Chemistry. 4th Edition, New Age International, 2004, p. 644
- ↑ Aniszewski, p. 110