Lipoprotein
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A Lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly that transports hydrophobic lipid molecules in water-based environments such as blood plasma and other extracellular fluids.
- Context:
- It can typically consist of a Triglyceride and cholesterol center surrounded by a phospholipid outer shell with hydrophilic portions oriented outward and lipophilic portions oriented inward.
- It can typically incorporate Apolipoprotein in its outer shell, which both stabilizes the lipoprotein complex and provides functional identity.
- It can typically transport Fat-Soluble Components that cannot otherwise dissolve in water-based mediums.
- It can typically facilitate Lipid Metabolism through controlled transport and delivery.
- It can typically serve as a Biochemical Carrier for essential lipids in the circulatory system.
- ...
- It can often function as Enzyme, Transporter, Structural Protein, Antigen, Adhesin, or Toxin depending on its specific composition and cellular context.
- It can often participate in Cholesterol Homeostasis through reverse cholesterol transport and hepatic clearance.
- It can often play a role in Immune Function through lipid antigen presentation and inflammatory response modulation.
- It can often undergo Metabolic Modification during circulation and tissue interaction.
- ...
- It can range from being a Small Lipoprotein to being a Large Lipoprotein, depending on its particle size and density.
- It can range from being a Lipid-Rich Lipoprotein to being a Protein-Rich Lipoprotein, depending on its biochemical composition.
- It can range from being an Atheroprotective Lipoprotein to being an Atherogenic Lipoprotein, depending on its metabolic function and tissue effect.
- It can range from being a Simple Lipoprotein to being a Complex Lipoprotein, depending on its structural organization and component diversity.
- ...
- It can have Density Property that determines its classification and physiological behavior.
- It can have Particle Size that influences its tissue penetration and receptor interaction.
- It can have Electrophoretic Mobility that reflects its surface charge and protein content.
- It can have Apolipoprotein Composition that directs its metabolic fate and cellular recognition.
- ...
- It can be Elevated during hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and high-fat diet.
- It can be Altered during liver disease, thyroid dysfunction, and genetic disorders.
- It can be Modified by oxidation, glycation, and enzymatic action in pathological states.
- ...
- Examples:
- Plasma Lipoprotein Particles, such as:
- High-Density Lipoproteins (HDLs), such as:
- Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDLs), such as:
- Very Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDLs), such as:
- VLDL1 Lipoprotein for triglyceride transport from the liver.
- VLDL2 Lipoprotein for endogenous lipid distribution.
- Intermediate-Density Lipoproteins (IDLs), such as:
- Remnant IDL Lipoprotein for transitional lipid transport between VLDL and LDL.
- Chylomicron Lipoproteins, such as:
- Nascent Chylomicron Lipoprotein for dietary lipid absorption from the intestine.
- Chylomicron Remnant Lipoprotein for delivery of remaining lipids to the liver.
- Specialized Functional Lipoproteins, such as:
- Enzyme Lipoproteins, such as:
- Transporter Lipoproteins, such as:
- Structural Lipoproteins, such as:
- Apolipoprotein B .
- ...
- Plasma Lipoprotein Particles, such as:
- Counter-Examples:
- Pure Lipid Aggregates, which lack apolipoproteins and therefore lack specific targeting and metabolic regulation.
- Proteolipids, which feature transmembrane proteins embedded in lipid bilayers rather than soluble proteins surrounding a lipid core.
- Lipopolysaccharides, which combine lipids and polysaccharides rather than lipids and proteins for bacterial cell wall structure.
- Free Fatty Acid-Albumin Complexes, which transport individual fatty acids bound to albumin rather than lipid aggregates surrounded by apolipoproteins.
- See: High-Density Lipoprotein, Low-Density Lipoprotein, Atherosclerosis, Lipid, Fat, Blood Plasma, Extracellular Fluid, Phospholipid, Hydrophilic, Lipophilic, Apolipoprotein, Enzyme.
References
2021
- (Wikipedia, 2021) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lipoprotein Retrieved:2021-8-26.
- A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly whose primary function is to transport hydrophobic lipid (also known as fat) molecules in water, as in blood plasma or other extracellular fluids. They consist of a Triglyceride and Cholesterol center, surrounded by a phospholipid outer shell, with the hydrophilic portions oriented outward toward the surrounding water and lipophilic portions oriented inward toward the lipid center. A special kind of protein, called apolipoprotein, is embedded in the outer shell, both stabilising the complex and giving it a functional identity that determines its role.
Many enzymes, transporters, structural proteins, antigens, adhesins, and toxins are lipoproteins. Examples include plasma lipoprotein particles (HDL, LDL, IDL, VLDL and chylomicrons). Subgroups of these plasma particles are primary drivers or modulators of atherosclerosis.
- A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly whose primary function is to transport hydrophobic lipid (also known as fat) molecules in water, as in blood plasma or other extracellular fluids. They consist of a Triglyceride and Cholesterol center, surrounded by a phospholipid outer shell, with the hydrophilic portions oriented outward toward the surrounding water and lipophilic portions oriented inward toward the lipid center. A special kind of protein, called apolipoprotein, is embedded in the outer shell, both stabilising the complex and giving it a functional identity that determines its role.