Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)
An Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) is a Packet-Switched Network which allowed data to be divided into smaller packets and transmitted across a distributed network of interconnected computers.
- Context:
- It was one of the first computer networks to implement the TCP/IP protocol suite.
- It was created in the late 1960s by DARPA as a response to the need for a decentralized communication system that could withstand a nuclear attack.
- Example(s):
- …
- Counter-Example(s):
- CYCLADES Computer Network,
- OGAS (Soviet internet-like project),
- Usenet,
- World Wide Web.
- See: Internet Protocol Suite#Adoption, United States, United Kingdom, Norway, Defense Communications Agency, OSI Model#Layer Architecture, 1822 Protocol, Network Control Protocol (ARPANET), TCP/IP, Advanced Research Projects Agency, Packet-Switched Network, Internet.
References
2023a
- (ChatGPT, 2023) ⇒ "What is an "Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)"? Summarize in 2-3 paragraphs." prompt. ChatGPT, September 25 Version, OpenAI, 8 Oct. 2023. https://chat.openai.com.
- QUOTE: The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the precursor to the modern internet, and it played a pivotal role in the development of computer networking. ARPANET was created in the late 1960s by the United States Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), now known as DARPA) as a response to the need for a robust, decentralized communication system that could withstand a nuclear attack. The primary goal was to connect computers and researchers at various universities and research institutions to facilitate the exchange of information and research findings.
ARPANET employed a packet-switching technology, which allowed data to be divided into smaller packets and transmitted across a distributed network of interconnected computers. This design proved to be highly resilient and scalable, forming the basis for today's internet. In October 1969, ARPANET made its first successful connection between two remote computers, one at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and the other at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI). This event is often considered the birth of the internet.
Over time, ARPANET expanded to include more nodes and institutions, and its protocols and technologies evolved into the foundation of the global internet we know today. ARPANET's pioneering work in computer networking, including the development of the TCP/IP protocol suite, laid the groundwork for the information age and revolutionized how people communicate, collaborate, and access information worldwide.
- QUOTE: The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the precursor to the modern internet, and it played a pivotal role in the development of computer networking. ARPANET was created in the late 1960s by the United States Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), now known as DARPA) as a response to the need for a robust, decentralized communication system that could withstand a nuclear attack. The primary goal was to connect computers and researchers at various universities and research institutions to facilitate the exchange of information and research findings.
2023b
- (Wikipedia, 2023) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET Retrieved:2023-9-11.
- The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the first wide-area packet-switched network with distributed control and one of the first computer networks to implement the TCP/IP protocol suite. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet. The ARPANET was established by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense.[1]
Building on the ideas of J. C. R. Licklider, Bob Taylor initiated the ARPANET project in 1966 to enable resource sharing between remote computers. Taylor appointed Larry Roberts as program manager. Roberts made the key decisions about the network design. He incorporated Donald Davies' concepts and designs for packet switching, and sought input from Paul Baran.[2] ARPA awarded the contract to build the network to Bolt Beranek & Newman who developed the first protocol for the network.[3] Roberts engaged Leonard Kleinrock at UCLA to develop mathematical methods for analyzing the packet network technology.[2]
The first computers were connected in 1969 and the Network Control Protocol was implemented in 1970.[4] [5] The network was declared operational in 1971. Further software development enabled remote login, file transfer and email.[6] The network expanded rapidly and operational control passed to the Defense Communications Agency in 1975.
Internetworking research in the early 1970s led by Bob Kahn at DARPA and Vint Cerf at Stanford University and later DARPA formulated the Transmission Control Program,[7] which incorporated concepts from the French CYCLADES project. As this work progressed, a protocol was developed by which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks. Version 4 of TCP/IP was installed in the ARPANET for production use in January 1983 after the Department of Defense made it standard for all military computer networking.[8] [9]
Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In the early 1980s, the NSF funded the establishment of national supercomputing centers at several universities and provided network access and network interconnectivity with the NSFNET project in 1986. The ARPANET was formally decommissioned in 1990, after partnerships with the telecommunication and computer industry had assured private sector expansion and future commercialization of an expanded worldwide network, known as the Internet.
- The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the first wide-area packet-switched network with distributed control and one of the first computer networks to implement the TCP/IP protocol suite. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet. The ARPANET was established by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense.[1]
- ↑ "ARPANET – The First Internet". Living Internet. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Abbate, Janet (2000). Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 39, 57–58. ISBN 978-0-2625-1115-5. Baran proposed a "distributed adaptive message-block network" [in the early 1960s] ... Roberts recruited Baran to advise the ARPANET planning group on distributed communications and packet switching. ... Roberts awarded a contract to Leonard Kleinrock of UCLA to create theoretical models of the network and to analyze its actual performance."
- ↑ Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). "The Evolution of Packet Switching" (PDF). IEEE Invited Paper. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2018.
- ↑ Bidgoli, Hossein (11 May 2004). The Internet Encyclopedia, Volume 2 (G - O). John Wiley & Sons. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-471-68996-6.
- ↑ Coffman, K. G.; Odlyzco, A. M. (2002). "Growth of the Internet". In Kaminow, I.; Li, T. (eds.). Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV-B: Systems and Impairments. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0123951731. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
- ↑ Lievrouw, L. A. (2006). Lievrouw, L. A.; Livingstone, S. M. (eds.). Handbook of New Media: Student Edition. SAGE. p. 253. ISBN 1412918731. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
- ↑ Cerf, V.; Kahn, R. (1974). "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Communications. 22 (5): 637–648. doi:10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259. ISSN 1558-0857.
- ↑ R. Oppliger (2001). Internet and Intranet Security. Artech House. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-58053-166-5. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
- ↑ "TCP/IP Internet Protocol". Living Internet. Retrieved 19 March 2021.