Counterfactual Conditional Statement

A Counterfactual Conditional Statement is a counterfactual statement (in which the conditional clause is expressly false) that is a conditional statement.

• Context:
  • It can represent a Counterfactual Conditional Belief.
  • It can range from being a Simple Past Counterfactual to being a Irrealis Counterfactual.
  • …
• Example(s):
  • "If it had not rained yesterday, then we would have gone to the park.".
  • "If John had studied more then he would have passed the exam.".
  • "John failed the exam because he didn't study enough.". ??
  • …
  • "If Oswald had not shot Kennedy, then someone else would have."
  • "If it were raining, then they would be inside."
  • "If it is raining right now, then they are inside." (??)
  • …
• Counter-Example(s):
  • a Causal Inductive Statement, such as: "In the summer, there are ducks on our pond. Therefore, summer will bring ducks to our pond."
  • an Indicative Conditional, such as: "If Leona is at home, then they are not in Paris".
• See: Glossing, Thought Experiment, Protasis (Linguistics), Conditional Sentence, Indicative Mood, Subjunctive Mood, Conditional Perfect, Conditional Mood.

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References

2023

• chat
  • Q: What is the relationship between Counter-factual conditionals, Counterfactual implications, Counter-factual hypotheses, counter-factual consequents, counter-factual antecedents and falsehoods?
  • A: Counter-factual conditionals, counterfactual implications, and counter-factual hypotheses are all forms of counter-factual statements, which describe events that did not occur or events that could have occurred but did not.

    The relationship between these forms of counter-factual statements and falsehoods lies in the fact that they both describe events that are not true or did not actually happen. However, the distinction between counter-factual statements and falsehoods lies in the purpose and intent of the statement. Counter-factual statements are made to explore alternative realities or imagine what might have happened if a certain event had taken place, while falsehoods are statements that are deliberately false or made with the intent to deceive.

    Counter-factual consequents and counter-factual antecedents are terms used to describe the two parts of a counter-factual conditional statement. The counter-factual antecedent is the "if" clause, which describes the false or hypothetical condition, while the counter-factual consequent is the "then" clause, which describes the outcome or result that would have happened if the antecedent were true.

    Example: "If it had not rained yesterday, we would have gone to the park." In this example, "it had not rained yesterday" is the counter-factual antecedent, and "we would have gone to the park" is the counter-factual consequent.

2023

• (Wikipedia, 2023) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfactual_conditional Retrieved:2023-2-7.
  • Counterfactual conditionals (also subjunctive or X-marked) are conditional sentences which discuss what would have been true under different circumstances, e.g. "If Peter believed in ghosts, he would be afraid to be here." Counterfactuals are contrasted with indicatives, which are generally restricted to discussing open possibilities. Counterfactuals are characterized grammatically by their use of fake tense morphology, which some languages use in combination with other kinds of morphology including aspect and mood.

    Counterfactuals are one of the most studied phenomena in philosophical logic, formal semantics, and philosophy of language. They were first discussed as a problem for the material conditional analysis of conditionals, which treats them all as trivially true. Starting in the 1960s, philosophers and linguists developed the now-classic possible world approach, in which a counterfactual's truth hinges on its consequent holding at certain possible worlds where its antecedent holds. More recent formal analyses have treated them using tools such as causal models and dynamic semantics. Other research has addressed their metaphysical, psychological, and grammatical underpinnings, while applying some of the resultant insights to fields including history, marketing, and epidemiology.

2020

• (Wikipedia, 2020) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/counterfactual_conditional#Examples Retrieved:2020-12-1.
  • The difference between indicative and counterfactual conditionals can be illustrated by the following minimal pair:
    1. Indicative Conditional: If it is raining right now, then Sally is inside.
    2. Simple Past Counterfactual: If it was raining right now, then Sally would be inside. These conditionals differ in both form and meaning. The indicative conditional uses the present tense form "is" in both the "if" clause and the "then" clause. As a result, it conveys that the speaker is agnostic about whether it is raining. The counterfactual example uses the fake tense form "was" in the "if" clause and the modal "would" in the "then" clause. As a result, it conveys that the speaker does not believe that it is raining. English has several other grammatical forms whose meanings are sometimes included under the umbrella of counterfactuality. One is the past perfect counterfactual, which contrasts with indicatives and simple past counterfactuals in its use of pluperfect morphology: # Past Perfect Counterfactual: If it had been raining yesterday, then Sally would have been inside. Another kind of conditional uses the form "were", generally referred to as the irrealis or subjunctive form.
    3. Irrealis Counterfactual: If it were training right now, then Sally would be inside (or elliptically) Were it raining, Sally would be inside.

2018

• http://zibdaconditionals.weebly.com/unreal-conditionals.html
  • QUOTE: ... Unreal conditionals are very different than real conditionals. As the name unreal states, the conditions and the results are not real. For example, If I had a million dollars, I would give it to charity. This means the condition in the present is unreal: I do not have a million dollars. As a result of this, I can not give it away, which makes the result nothing more than a nice thought. There are 2 types of unreal conditionals, hypothetical and counterfactual (Cowan, 2008). …

2015

• (Ricco, 2015) ⇒ Robert B. Ricco. (2015). “The Development of Reasoning.” In: Handbook of child psychology and developmental science: Cognitive processes.
  • QUOTE: ... There are close theoretical ties between causal induction and the counterfactual. ...

2010

• http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/counterfactual
  • 2. (philosophy) A conditional statement in which the conditional clause is false, as "If I had arrived on time . . .". [1][2]  [quotations ▼]

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