Deceptive Argument
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A Deceptive Argument is a false argument that is intentionally presented as a true argument.
- AKA: In-Bad-Faith Argument.
- Context:
- It can (typically) be created by an Attempt-At Deception.
- It can precede a Choice from Deception.
- …
- Example(s):
- Counter-Example(s):
- an Honest Argument.
- See: Bad Faith Negotiation.
References
2005
- (Walton, 2005) ⇒ Douglas Walton. (2005). “Deceptive Arguments Containing Persuasive Language and Persuasive Definitions." Argumentation 19, no. 2
- QUOTE: Using persuasive definitions and persuasive language generally to put a spin on an argument has often held to be suspicious, if not deceptive or even fallacious. However, if the purpose of a persuasive definition is to persuade, and if rational persuasion can be a legitimate goal, putting forward a persuasive definition can have a legitimate basis in some cases. To clarify this basis, the old subject of definitions is reconfigured into a new dialectical framework in which, it is argued, a definition should be evaluated in light of its purpose as a speech act. But if persuasive definitions are so often thought to be suspect, misleading, or even fallacious, how can individual cases be judged on some objective basis? In this paper, a new dialectical method of evaluating such definitions on a case-by-case basis is proposed, showing how abusive as well as reasonable uses of persuasive language can properly be identified, analyzed and evaluated.
1998
- (Paulhus & John, 1998) ⇒ Delroy L. Paulhus, and Oliver P. John. (1998). “Egoistic and Moralistic Biases in Self‐perception: The Interplay of Self‐deceptive Styles with Basic Traits and Motives.” In: Journal of personality 66, no. 6
- QUOTE: The literature on personality traits and defense mechanisms suggests individual differences in two self-favoring tendencies, which we label “egoistic bias” and “moralistic bias.” The two biases are self-deceptive in nature and can be traced to two fundamental values, agency and communion, that impel two corresponding motives, nPower and nApproval. The two sequences of values, motives, and biases form two personality constellations, Alpha and Gamma. Associated with Alpha is an egoistic bias, a self-deceptive tendency to exaggerate one's social and intellectual status. This tendency leads to unrealistically positive self-perceptions on such traits as dominance, fearlessness, emotional stability, intellect, and creativity. Self-perceptions of high Alpha scorers have a narcissistic, “superhero” quality. Associated with Gamma is a moralistic bias, a self-deceptive tendency to deny socially deviant impulses and to claim sanctimonious “saint-like” attributes. This tendency is played out in overly positive self-perceptions on such traits as agreeableness, dutifulness, and restraint. The Alpha-Gamma conception provides an integrative framework for a number of central issues in personality psychology.
1993
- (Miller & Stiff, 1993) ⇒ Gerald R. Miller, and James Brian Stiff. (1993). “Deceptive Communication." Sage Publications, Inc,
- QUOTE: What types of communication are considered deceptive? What characteristics do researchers look for when investigating deceptive communication? “Deceptive Communication” explores the flip-side of “truth” in 20th century society. Synthesizing their own research and recent findings from other scholars, Miller and Stiff highlight nonverbal cues and other deception detection devices, situational factors affecting detection accuracy, and ethical considerations in the conduct of deception research. They clearly describe the methods employed in conducting research on deception and provide suggestions for future investigations.