Deng Xiaoping Economic Reform Program

A Deng Xiaoping Economic Reform Program is a pragmatic market-oriented economic reform program that transformed China from a centrally planned economy to a socialist market economy.

• AKA: Reform and Opening-Up, Gaige Kaifang, Deng Xiaoping Reform, Chinese Economic Reform, Economic Reform of Deng Xiaoping.
• Context:
  • It can typically begin Deng Reform Implementation in 1978 following Cultural Revolution and Mao era.
  • It can typically employ Deng Reform Dual-Track System maintaining deng reform planned economy elements alongside deng reform market mechanisms.
  • It can typically establish Deng Reform Special Economic Zones for deng reform foreign investment and deng reform export processing.
  • It can typically decollectivize Deng Reform Agriculture via deng reform household responsibility system and deng reform rural enterprise.
  • It can typically introduce Deng Reform Market Prices through deng reform price liberalization and deng reform competition mechanism.
  • ...
  • It can often follow Deng Reform Principles like "crossing the river by feeling the stones" and "it doesn't matter if a cat is black or white".
  • It can often create Deng Reform Township Enterprises from deng reform collective assets and deng reform local initiative.
  • It can often attract Deng Reform Foreign Capital through deng reform joint ventures and deng reform technology transfer.
  • It can often maintain Deng Reform Political Stability while pursuing deng reform economic liberalization.
  • ...
  • It can range from being an Agricultural Deng Reform to being an Industrial Deng Reform, depending on its deng reform sector focus.
  • It can range from being a Coastal Deng Reform to being an Inland Deng Reform, depending on its deng reform geographic scope.
  • It can range from being a Limited Deng Reform to being a Comprehensive Deng Reform, depending on its deng reform depth.
  • It can range from being an Economic Deng Reform to being a Social Deng Reform, depending on its deng reform domain.
  • It can range from being an Experimental Deng Reform to being a Nationwide Deng Reform, depending on its deng reform implementation scale.
  • ...
  • It can transform Chinese Economic Structure from state ownership to mixed ownership.
  • It can integrate Chinese Economy into global economy through WTO accession and trade liberalization.
  • It can develop Chinese Private Sector alongside state-owned enterprises through ownership diversification.
  • It can establish Chinese Capital Markets including stock exchanges and bond markets.
  • It can modernize Chinese Industry via technology import and foreign partnership.
  • ...
• Example(s):
  • Deng Reform Phases, such as:
    • Initial Deng Reform (1978-1984), focusing on agricultural decollectivization and rural development.
    • Urban Deng Reform (1984-1992), extending to industrial enterprises and price system.
    • Comprehensive Deng Reform (1992-2001), establishing socialist market economy framework.
    • WTO Era Deng Reform (2001-2012), integrating with global trade system.
  • Deng Reform Policys, such as:
    • Household Responsibility System, allowing farmers to sell surplus after meeting state quota.
    • Special Economic Zone Policy, creating Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, and Xiamen zones.
    • Open Door Policy, welcoming foreign investment and international trade.
    • Dual-Track Price System, maintaining planned prices while allowing market prices.
  • Deng Reform Outcomes, such as:
    • Chinese GDP Growth, averaging 10% annually for three decades.
    • Poverty Reduction, lifting 800 million people from absolute poverty.
    • Export Boom, becoming world's factory and largest exporter.
  • ...
• Counter-Example(s):
  • Soviet Perestroika, which attempted rapid political reform alongside economic reform.
  • Shock Therapy, which pursued immediate liberalization rather than gradual reform.
  • Import Substitution, which focused on domestic production rather than export orientation.
  • Great Leap Forward, which emphasized ideological mobilization over pragmatic policy.
• See: Deng Xiaoping, Chinese Economy, Socialist Market Economy, Special Economic Zone, Household Responsibility System, Township and Village Enterprise, Dual-Track System, Economic Liberalization.

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