Human Organism
A Human Organism is a great ape with a human genome (with 23 chromosome pairs).
- AKA: Human Agent, Homo Sapiens, Human Being.
- Context:
- It can typically be a member of a Human Species through human genetic inheritance.
- It can typically perform Bipedal Locomotion through human musculoskeletal structure.
- It can typically possess Human Hands with human opposable thumbs for human tool manipulation.
- It can typically function as a Human Communication Agent through human communication methods including human graphic art.
- It can typically act as a Human Linguistic Agent through human linguistic utterances.
- It can typically experience Human Emotions through human neural processing.
- It can typically operate as a Human Cognitive Agent with human advanced cognition.
- It can typically exhibit Human Personality Traits through human psychological development.
- It can typically possess Human Motivations through human psychological processing.
- It can typically be characterized by Human Measures such as human BMI.
- It can typically belong to a Human Social System through human social bonding.
- It can typically display Human Behavioral Patterns through human cultural learning.
- It can typically engage in Human Social Collaboration through human group coordination.
- It can typically possess Human Consciousness through human brain activity.
- It can typically require Human Physiological Needs such as human food, human water, and human sleep.
- It can typically reproduce through Human Sexual Reproduction via human mating behavior.
- It can typically undergo Human Development Processes from human conception to human death.
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- It can often develop Human Tool Usage through human manual dexterity.
- It can often create Human Complex Culture through human social learning.
- It can often perform Human Abstract Reasoning through human cognitive processing.
- It can often establish Human Social Networks through human group formation.
- It can often engage in Human Symbolic Communication through human language capacity.
- It can often transmit Human Cultural Knowledge through human generational teaching.
- It can often construct Human Technological Systems through human collective innovation.
- It can often create Human Aesthetic Expressions through human artistic creativity.
- It can often develop Human Moral Systems through human social norm formation.
- It can often practice Human Spiritual Beliefs through human religious activity.
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- It can range from being a Human Infant to being a Human Older Adult, depending on its human developmental stage.
- It can range from being an Independent Human to being a Dependent Human, depending on its human decision capacity.
- It can range from being a Sexed Human to being an Unsexed Human, depending on its human sexual characteristics.
- It can range from being a Gendered Human to being an Ungendered Human, depending on its human gender identity.
- It can range from being a Living Human to being a Dead Human, depending on its human vital status.
- It can range from being a Conscious Human to being a Comatose Human, depending on its human consciousness state.
- It can range from being an Undernourished Human to being an Overnourished Human, depending on its human nutritional state.
- It can range from being an Individualistic Human to being a Communitarian Human, depending on its human social orientation.
- It can range from being a Follower Human to being a Leader Human, depending on its human social role.
- It can range from being a Healthy Human to being an Ill Human, depending on its human health status.
- It can range from being a Physically Capable Human to being a Physically Disabled Human, depending on its human physical ability.
- It can range from being a Neurotypical Human to being a Neurodivergent Human, depending on its human neurological configuration.
- It can range from being a Sedentary Human to being a Nomadic Human, depending on its human settlement pattern.
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- It can possess a Human Mind for human cognitive processing.
- It can establish Human Goals through human intentional behavior.
- It can perform Human Physical Exercise for human body maintenance.
- It can possess Human Biometric Identifiers such as human face and human fingerprint.
- It can belong to a Human Ethnic Group through human genetic heritage.
- It can function as a Human Tool-Maker through human technological innovation.
- It can act as an Artistic Human through human creative expression.
- It can operate as a Political Human through human social organization.
- It can identify as a Religious Human through human cultural traditions.
- It can participate in Human Economic Activity through human resource exchange.
- It can engage in Human Scientific Inquiry through human systematic observation.
- It can establish Human Educational Systems for human knowledge transmission.
- It can develop Human Languages for human conceptual communication.
- It can form Human Intimate Relationships through human emotional bonding.
- It can create Human Familial Structures through human kinship arrangements.
- It can practice Human Healthcare through human medical intervention.
- It can experience Human Consciousness Alteration through human substance use or human meditative practice.
- It can engage in Human Play Activity for human cognitive development and human social bonding.
- It can demonstrate Human Ethical Reasoning through human moral decision-making.
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- Examples:
- Human Organism Developmental Stages, such as:
- Human Prenatal Stage (conception to birth), characterized by human embryonic development and human fetal growth.
- Human Infant (0-2 years), characterized by human rapid neurological development and human attachment formation.
- Human Child (3-12 years), characterized by human language acquisition and human social skill development.
- Human Adolescent (13-19 years), characterized by human puberty and human identity formation.
- Human Young Adult (20-40 years), characterized by human career establishment and human relationship formation.
- Human Middle-Aged Adult (41-65 years), characterized by human career consolidation and human family development.
- Human Older Adult (66+ years), characterized by human retirement and human biological aging.
- Human Organism Biological Sexes, such as:
- Human Organism Societal Roles, such as:
- Professional Human performing human specialized occupation within human economic system.
- Parent Human engaged in human offspring rearing and human family maintenance.
- Student Human pursuing human formal education and human knowledge acquisition.
- Leader Human directing human organizational activity and human collective decision-making.
- Creative Human producing human artistic work and human cultural artifacts.
- Caregiver Human providing human support services and human assistance activity.
- Historical Humans, such as:
- Ancient Humans, such as:
- Socrates (470-399 BCE) demonstrating human philosophical inquiry and human ethical reasoning.
- Aristotle (384-322 BCE) demonstrating human systematic knowledge organization and human natural observation.
- Renaissance Humans, such as:
- Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) demonstrating human interdisciplinary genius and human artistic-scientific integration.
- Michelangelo (1475-1564) demonstrating human artistic mastery and human aesthetic innovation.
- Modern Humans, such as:
- Albert Einstein (1879-1955) demonstrating human physics revolution and human theoretical advancement.
- Alan Turing (1912-1954) demonstrating human computing foundation development and human mathematical innovation.
- Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) demonstrating human social justice leadership and human reconciliation promotion.
- Martin Luther King Jr (1929-1968) demonstrating human civil rights advocacy and human nonviolent resistance.
- Ancient Humans, such as:
- Human Organism Cognitive Variations, such as:
- Neurodivergent Human demonstrating human cognitive diversity through human alternative neural processing.
- Polyglot Human demonstrating human multiple language acquisition and human linguistic flexibility.
- Savant Human demonstrating human exceptional specialized ability alongside human cognitive difference.
- Human Organism Cultural Groupings, such as:
- Indigenous Human maintaining human traditional ecological knowledge and human ancestral practices.
- Multicultural Human navigating human diverse cultural systems and human multiple identity integration.
- Diasporic Human experiencing human cultural displacement and human identity adaptation.
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- Human Organism Developmental Stages, such as:
- Counter-Examples:
- Non-Human Animals, which lack human genome and human language capacity, such as:
- Chimpanzee, which shares 98.8% of human genetic material but lacks human symbolic language capability and human complex technological development.
- Gorilla, which possesses great ape intelligence but lacks human abstract reasoning level and human cultural transmission complexity.
- Human-Like Artificial Intelligence, which may simulate human cognitive processes but lacks human biological embodiment, human evolutionary history, and human subjective experience.
- Post-Human Agent, which may have evolved from human organisms but transcends human biological limitations through technological augmentation or genetic modification.
- Rational Economic Being, which is a theoretical construct assuming perfect human economic rationality that ignores human cognitive biases and human emotional decision factors.
- Human Fictional Character, which represents human traits and human behaviors but lacks human physical existence and human biological processes.
- Human Ancestor Species such as Homo Erectus, which possessed some human-like traits but lacked modern human cognitive capability and modern human cultural complexity.
- Non-Human Animals, which lack human genome and human language capacity, such as:
- See: Autonomous Agent, Living Organism, Social Being, Cultural Agent, Biological Entity, Conscious Being, Primate Species, Hominid.
References
2021
- (Wikipedia, 2021) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Retrieved:2021-5-10.
- Humans (Homo sapiens) are the most populous and widespread species of primates, characterized by bipedality and large complex brains enabling the development of advanced tools, culture and language. Humans are highly social beings and tend to live in large complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families and kinship networks to political states. Social interactions between humans have established a wide variety of values, social norms, and rituals, which bolster human society. Curiosity and the human desire to understand and influence the environment and to explain and manipulate phenomena have motivated humanity's development of science, philosophy, mythology, religion, and other fields of knowledge.
Humans evolved from other hominins in Africa several million years ago. Although some scientists equate humans with all members of the genus Homo, in common usage it generally refers to Homo sapiens, the only extant member. H. sapiens emerged around 300,000 years ago, evolving from Homo erectus and migrating out of Africa, gradually replacing local populations of archaic humans. Early humans were hunter-gatherers, before settling in the Fertile Crescent and other parts of the Old World. Access to food surpluses led to the formation of permanent human settlements and the domestication of animals. As populations became larger and denser, forms of governance developed within and between communities and a number of civilizations rose and fell. Humans have continued to expand, with 7.8 billion humans occupying almost all regions of the world in 2020.
Genes and the environment influence human biological variation in visible characteristics, physiology, disease susceptibility, mental abilities, body size and life span. Though humans vary in many traits (such as genetic predispositions and physical features), two humans on average are over 99% similar, with the most genetically diverse populations are from Africa. The greatest degree of genetic variation exists between males and females. On average, men have greater body strength and women generally have a higher body fat percentage. Females undergo menopause and become infertile decades before the end of their lives. They also have a longer life span in almost every population around the world. The division into male and female gender roles has varied historically, and challenges to predominant gender norms have recurred in many societies.
Humans are omnivorous, capable of consuming a wide variety of plant and animal material, and have used fire to prepare and cook food since the time of H. erectus. They can survive for up to eight weeks without food, and three or four days without water. Humans are generally diurnal, sleeping on average seven to nine hours per day. Childbirth is dangerous, with a high risk of complications and death. Both the mother and the father provide care for human offspring who are helpless at birth.
Humans have a large and highly developed prefrontal cortex, the region of the brain associated with higher cognition. They are intelligent beings, capable of episodic memory, flexibility facial expressions, self-awareness and a theory of mind. The human mind is capable of introspection, private thought, imagination, volition and forming views on existence. This has allowed great technological advancements and complex tool development possible through reason and transmission of knowledge onto future generations. Language, art and trade are defining characteristics of humans. Long-distance trade routes might have led to cultural explosions and resource distribution that gave humans an advantage over other similar species.
- Humans (Homo sapiens) are the most populous and widespread species of primates, characterized by bipedality and large complex brains enabling the development of advanced tools, culture and language. Humans are highly social beings and tend to live in large complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families and kinship networks to political states. Social interactions between humans have established a wide variety of values, social norms, and rituals, which bolster human society. Curiosity and the human desire to understand and influence the environment and to explain and manipulate phenomena have motivated humanity's development of science, philosophy, mythology, religion, and other fields of knowledge.
2016
2011
- (Kahneman, 2011) ⇒ Daniel Kahneman. (2011). “Thinking, Fast and Slow." Macmillan. ISBN:0374533555
- QUOTE: … Our two disciplines seemed to be studying different species, which the behavioral economist Richard Thaler later dubbed Econs and Humans. Unlike Econs, the Humans that psychologists know have a System 1. Their view of the world is limited by the information that is available at a given moment (WYSIATI), and therefore they cannot be as consistent and logical as Econs. They are sometimes generous and often willing to contribute to the group to which they are attached. And they often have little idea of what they will like next year or even tomorrow.
2011
- (Harari, 2011) ⇒ Yuval Noah Harari. (2011). “Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind.” Random House.
1983
- (Miller, 1983) ⇒ Harlan B. Miller. (1983). “' Platonists’ and ‘Aristotelians'.” In: Ethics and Animals, pp. 1-14 . Humana Press,
- QUOTE: … that tradition in Western thought most sympathetic to the claims and to the standing of nonhuman animals. For Aristotle, as for Darwin, man is one animal among the others, different surely, primary perhaps, but animal certainly. … It was only a century from Descartes' 'demonstration' that animals are machines to La Mettrie's corollary that humans are machines in exactly the same way (1748). The Darwinian revolution consists in large part of stressing an 'aristotelian' view of nonhumans. …
1500s
- (Shakespeare, 1599) ⇒ William Shakespeare. (1599). “As You Like It."
- All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players; they have their exists and their entrances, one man man in his time plays many parts, his acts being seven ages. At first, the infant, …