Hundred Years' War (1337–1453)

A Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) is a European war period between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France (that lasted from 1337 to 1453).

• AKA: La guerre de Cent Ans, Anglo-French War (1337-1453).
• Context:
  • It can typically represent Hundred Years' War Historical Conflict through hundred years' war dynastic dispute and hundred years' war territorial claim.
  • It can typically include Hundred Years' War Military Campaign with hundred years' war battlefield engagement and hundred years' war siege operation.
  • It can typically involve Hundred Years' War Political Alliance between hundred years' war royal house and hundred years' war regional power.
  • It can typically demonstrate Hundred Years' War Military Innovation through hundred years' war weapons development and hundred years' war tactical evolution.
  • It can typically impact Hundred Years' War Economic System through hundred years' war resource depletion and hundred years' war trade disruption.
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  • It can often exhibit Hundred Years' War Cultural Influence through hundred years' war national identity formation and hundred years' war artistic representation.
  • It can often feature Hundred Years' War Religious Dimension through hundred years' war papal involvement and hundred years' war theological justification.
  • It can often show Hundred Years' War Diplomatic Complexity through hundred years' war peace negotiation and hundred years' war treaty creation.
  • It can often experience Hundred Years' War Civilian Impact through hundred years' war population displacement and hundred years' war agricultural disruption.
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  • It can range from being a Simple Hundred Years' War Territorial Skirmish to being a Complex Hundred Years' War Strategic Campaign, depending on its hundred years' war military objective.
  • It can range from being a Hundred Years' War English Offensive to being a Hundred Years' War French Counteroffensive, depending on its hundred years' war strategic initiative.
  • It can range from being a Hundred Years' War Naval Engagement to being a Hundred Years' War Land Battle, depending on its hundred years' war combat environment.
  • ...
• It can embody Hundred Years' War Power Dynamic through hundred years' war domination impulse where monarchs on both sides pursued territorial control not merely for practical governance but as manifestations of their primal desire for expanded authority, status enhancement, and the fundamental human drive to establish dominance hierarchies that transcended rational political calculation.
• It can reflect Hundred Years' War Identity Formation through hundred years' war tribal belonging where nobles and commoners alike increasingly defined themselves in opposition to the "other," transforming what began as an elite dynastic dispute into a conflict that channeled the basic human need for group identity, territorial defense, and collective meaning-making that ultimately helped forge nascent national consciousnesses.
• It can have Hundred Years' War Fundamental Cause through hundred years' war feudal entanglement where English monarchs held significant territories in France as vassals to the French crown since the Norman Conquest of 1066, creating inherent tension as English kings resented submitting to French authority while simultaneously ruling independently in England.
• It can have Hundred Years' War Economic Driver through hundred years' war commercial rivalry over the lucrative wool trade with Flanders, as England sought to protect its primary export market and France attempted to bring the wealthy Flemish cities under tighter control, transforming dynastic quarrels into a deeper conflict over economic resources and regional dominance.
• It can have Hundred Years' War Chronological Phase with hundred years' war distinct period such as the Edwardian War (1337–1360), the Caroline War (1369–1389), and the Lancastrian War (1415–1453).
• It can have Hundred Years' War Causal Factor including hundred years' war succession dispute, hundred years' war feudal obligation over French territories, and hundred years' war economic competition.
  • It can have Hundred Years' War Military Outcome resulting in hundred years' war French victory, hundred years' war English territorial loss, and hundred years' war royal dynasty consolidation.
  • It can have Hundred Years' War Causal Trigger through Edward III's claim to French throne following the hundred years' war succession crisis when Charles IV of France died without male heirs in 1328, leading Philip VI of Valois to take the throne despite Edward's closer blood relationship through his mother Isabella.
  • It can have Hundred Years' War Conclusion Factor through Battle of Castillon victory in 1453, where the French forces under Jean Bureau decisively defeated the English army, ending English territorial claims in France except for Calais, and solidifying Charles VII's control over the reunified French kingdom.
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• Examples:
  • Hundred Years' War Major Battles, such as:
    • Early Hundred Years' War Battles, such as:
      • Battle of Crécy (1346), with hundred years' war English longbow victory.
      • Battle of Poitiers (1356), with hundred years' war French king capture.
    • Middle Hundred Years' War Battles, such as:
      • Battle of La Rochelle (1372), with hundred years' war Castilian-French naval victory.
      • Battle of Roosebeke (1382), with hundred years' war French victory over Flemish rebels.
    • Late Hundred Years' War Battles, such as:
      • Battle of Agincourt (1415), with hundred years' war devastating English victory.
      • Battle of Patay (1429), with hundred years' war decisive French victory following Joan of Arc's inspiration.
  • Hundred Years' War Siege Operations, such as:
    • Early Hundred Years' War Sieges, such as:
      • Siege of Calais (1346-1347), with hundred years' war English capture of French port.
      • Siege of Breteuil (1356), with hundred years' war English capture of French castle.
    • Late Hundred Years' War Sieges, such as:
      • Siege of Orléans (1428-1429), with hundred years' war critical French victory led by Joan of Arc.
      • Siege of Castillon (1453), with hundred years' war final French victory ending the conflict.
  • Hundred Years' War Significant Treatys, such as:
    • Treaty of Brétigny (1360), with hundred years' war temporary peace terms.
    • Treaty of Troyes (1420), with hundred years' war English king recognition as heir to French throne.
    • Treaty of Arras (1435), with hundred years' war Burgundian-French reconciliation.
  • Hundred Years' War Key Figures, such as:
    • Hundred Years' War English Monarchs, such as:
      • Edward III of England (1327-1377), with hundred years' war initial claim to French throne.
      • Henry V of England (1413-1422), with hundred years' war renewed English offensive.
    • Hundred Years' War French Monarchs, such as:
      • Philip VI of France (1328-1350), with hundred years' war initial French defender.
      • Charles VII of France (1422-1461), with hundred years' war final French victory.
    • Hundred Years' War Military Leaders, such as:
      • Edward the Black Prince (1330-1376), with hundred years' war English battlefield commander.
      • Joan of Arc (1412-1431), with hundred years' war French military inspiration.
  • ...
• Counter-Examples:
  • War of the Roses (1455-1487), which was an English internal conflict rather than an hundred years' war Anglo-French confrontation.
  • Crusade Military Campaigns, which were religious-motivated military expeditions rather than hundred years' war dynastic territorial conflicts.
  • Italian Wars (1494-1559), which occurred after the hundred years' war conclusion and involved different political alliance systems.
  • Medieval Regional Conflicts, which lacked the hundred years' war duration, hundred years' war scale, and hundred years' war national identity impact.
• See: Alliance, Anglo-French Wars, Battle of La Rochelle, Battle of Agincourt, Battle of Patay, Joan of Arc, Siege of Orléans, Philip VI of France, Duchy of Aquitaine, Edward III of England, Bordeaux, Kingdom of France, Château de Castelnaud-la-Chapelle.

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References

2022

• (Wikipedia, 2022) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years'_War Retrieved:2022-7-23.
  • The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) was a series of armed conflicts between the kingdoms of England and France during the Late Middle Ages. It originated from disputed claims to the French throne between the English royal House of Plantagenet and the French royal House of Valois. Over time, the war grew into a broader power struggle involving factions from across Western Europe, fuelled by emerging nationalism on both sides.

    The Hundred Years' War was one of the most significant conflicts of the Middle Ages. For 116 years, interrupted by several truces, five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe. The war's effect on European history was lasting. Both sides produced innovations in military technology and tactics, including professional standing armies and artillery, that permanently changed warfare in Europe; chivalry, which had reached its height during the conflict, subsequently declined. Stronger national identities took root in both countries, which became more centralised and gradually rose as global powers.

    The term "Hundred Years' War" was adopted by later historians as a historiographical periodisation to encompass related conflicts, constructing the longest military conflict in European history. The war is commonly divided into three phases separated by truces: the Edwardian War (1337–1360), the Caroline War (1369–1389), and the Lancastrian War (1415–1453). Each side drew many allies into the conflict, with English forces initially prevailing. The House of Valois ultimately retained control over France, with the previously-intertwined French and English monarchies thereafter remaining separate.

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