Mitochondrion
A Mitochondrion is a eukaryotic cell organelle with its own DNA that generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
- Context:
- It can create Adenosine Triphosphate (via cellular respiration).
- It can (typically) be a Power Generator for an Eukaryotic Cell.
- It can be associated with Mitochondrial Disfunction (and Mitochondrial disease.
- …
- Example(s):
- a Human Mitochondrion.
- …
- Counter-Example(s):
- a Cell Nucleus.
- a Chloroplast.
- See: ATP.
References
2013
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion
- The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed structure found in most eukaryotic cells (the cells that make up plants, animals, fungi, and many other forms of life).[1] Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 micrometer (μm) in diameter. These organelles are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy.[2] In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks such as signaling, cellular differentiation, cell death, as well as the control of the cell cycle and cell growth.[3] Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders[4] and cardiac dysfunction,[5] and may play a role in the aging process. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, i.e. "thread", and χονδρίον, chondrion, i.e. "granule".[6]
Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell varies widely by organism and tissue type. Many cells have only a single mitochondrion, whereas others can contain several thousand mitochondria.[7][8] The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of proteins have been identified from cardiac mitochondria,[9] whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported.[10] The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated.[11] Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Further, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.[12] Template:TOC limit
- The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed structure found in most eukaryotic cells (the cells that make up plants, animals, fungi, and many other forms of life).[1] Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 micrometer (μm) in diameter. These organelles are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy.[2] In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks such as signaling, cellular differentiation, cell death, as well as the control of the cell cycle and cell growth.[3] Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders[4] and cardiac dysfunction,[5] and may play a role in the aging process. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, i.e. "thread", and χονδρίον, chondrion, i.e. "granule".[6]
- ↑ Henze K, Martin W; Martin, William (2003). "Evolutionary biology: essence of mitochondria". Nature 426 (6963): 127–8. doi:10.1038/426127a. PMID 14614484.
- ↑ Campbell, Neil A.; Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden (2006). Biology: Exploring Life. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-250882-6. http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html.
- ↑ McBride HM, Neuspiel M, Wasiak S (2006). "Mitochondria: more than just a powerhouse". Curr. Biol. 16 (14): R551–60. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.06.054. PMID 16860735.
- ↑ Gardner A, Boles RG (2005). "Is a "Mitochondrial Psychiatry" in the Future? A Review". Curr. Psychiatry Review 1 (3): 255–271. doi:10.2174/157340005774575064.
- ↑ Lesnefsky EJ, Moghaddas S, Tandler B, Kerner B, Hoppel CL (June 2001). "Mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac disease: ischemia — reperfusion, aging, and heart failure". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 33 (6): 1065–1089. doi:10.1006/jmcc.2001.1378. PMID 11444914.
- ↑ "mitochondria". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mitochondria&allowed_in_frame=0.
- ↑ Alberts, Bruce; Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter (1994). Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Publishing Inc.. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1.
- ↑ Voet, Donald; Judith G. Voet, Charlotte W. Pratt (2006). Fundamentals of Biochemistry, 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.. pp. 547. ISBN 0-471-21495-7.
- ↑ Taylor SW, Fahy E, Zhang B, Glenn GM, Warnock DE, Wiley S, Murphy AN, Gaucher SP, Capaldi RA, Gibson BW, Ghosh SS (2003 March). "Characterization of the human heart mitochondrial proteome". Nat Biotechnol. 21 (3): 281–6. doi:10.1038/nbt793. PMID 12592411.
- ↑ Zhang J, Li X, Mueller M, Wang Y, Zong C, Deng N, Vondriska TM, Liem DA, Yang J, Korge P, Honda H, Weiss JN, Apweiler R, Ping P (2008). "Systematic Characterization of the Murine Mitochondrial Proteome Using Functionally Validated Cardiac Mitochondria". Proteomics 8 (8): 1564–1575. doi:10.1002/pmic.200700851. PMC 2799225. PMID 18348319. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2799225.
- ↑ Zhang J, Liem DA, Mueller M, Wang Y, Zong C, Deng N, Vondriska TM, Yang J, Korge P, Drews O, Maclellan WR, Honda H, Weiss JN, Apweiler R, Ping P (2008). "Altered Proteome Biology of Cardiac Mitochondria Under Stress Conditions". J. Proteome Res 7 (6): 2204–14. doi:10.1021/pr070371f. PMID 18484766.
- ↑ Andersson SG, Karlberg O, Canbäck B, Kurland CG (January 2003). "On the origin of mitochondria: a genomics perspective". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 358 (1429): 165–77; discussion 177–9. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1193. PMC 1693097. PMID 12594925. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1693097.