Neolithic Settlement

A Neolithic Settlement is a human settlement that existed during the Neolithic age.

• Context:
  • It could (sometimes) produce excess Agricultural Food.
  • It could (typically) have Undernourished Peoples.
• Example(s):
  • a Hungarian Neolithic Settlement.
• See: Copper Age.

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References

2014

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_settlements
  • Human Neolithic settlements by date:
    • Franchthi Cave in Greece, epipalaeolithic (c. 10,000 BC) settlement, reoccupied between 7500–6000 BC
    • Pulli settlement in Estonia, c. 9000 BC
    • Spirit Cave in Thailand, 9000–5500 BC
    • Göbekli Tepe in Turkey, c. 9000 BC
    • Jericho in West bank, Neolithic from around 8350 BC, arising from the earlier Epipaleolithic Natufian culture.
    • Nevali Cori in Turkey, c. 8000 BC
    • Çatalhöyük in Turkey, 7500 BC
    • …

• (Gamba et al., 2014) ⇒ Cristina Gamba, Eppie R. Jones, Matthew D. Teasdale, Russell L. McLaughlin, Gloria Gonzalez-Fortes, Valeria Mattiangeli, László Domboróczki, Ivett Kővári, Ildikó Pap, Alexandra Anders, Alasdair Whittle, János Dani, Pál Raczky, Thomas F. G. Higham, Michael Hofreiter, Daniel G. Bradley and Ron Pinhasi. (2014). “Genome flux and stasis in a five millennium transect of European prehistory." Nature communicationsm 5 . doi:10.1038/ncomms6257
  • The Great Hungarian Plain was a crossroads of cultural transformations that have shaped European prehistory. Here we analyse a 5,000-year transect of human genomes, sampled from petrous bones giving consistently excellent endogenous DNA yields, from 13 Hungarian Neolithic, Copper, Bronze and Iron Age burials including two to high (~22 × ) and seven to ~1 × coverage, to investigate the impact of these on Europe’s genetic landscape. These data suggest genomic shifts with the advent of the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages, with interleaved periods of genome stability. The earliest Neolithic context genome shows a European hunter-gatherer genetic signature and a restricted ancestral population size, suggesting direct contact between cultures after the arrival of the first farmers into Europe. The latest, Iron Age, sample reveals an eastern genomic influence concordant with introduced Steppe burial rites. We observe transition towards lighter pigmentation and surprisingly, no Neolithic presence of lactase persistence.

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