Nominalized Noun

AKA: Nominalised Noun.
Context:
- It can be:
  - a Nominalized Verb.
  - a Nominalized Adjective.
- It can be derived though a Nominalization Operation.
  - E.g. refuse ⇒ refusal
Example(s):
- “careless”, from the verb “care”, e.g. ⇒ “The [careless] are clumsy.”.
- “failure”, from the verb “fail”, e.g. ⇒ “The [failure] was unexpected.”
- “running”, from the verb “run”, e.g ⇒ “Her [running] stopped abruptly.”
- “murder”, from the verb “murder”, e.g. ⇒ “The [murder] happened yesterday.”
- “organisation”, from the verb “organize”, .e.g. ⇒ “The [organization] grew.”
- “refusal”, from the (in)Action Verb "refuse", e.g. ⇒ "Her [refusal] hurt him".
- “rich”, from the Adjective “rich”, e.g. "rich people” ⇒ "The [rich]".
- “blue”, from the Adjective “blue”, e.g. "He is dressed in blue clothing” ⇒ "He is dressed in [blue]".
- ???
- “nagging” ⇒ "I enjoy [nagging] Bill.”, a Gerund Noun.
- “nagging” ⇒ "[Nagging] Bill is enjoyable.”, a Gerund Noun.
- "Redmond-based", is also a Hyphenated Compound Word.
- …
Counter-Example(s):
- “running” ⇒ "Jane went [running]”, a Present Participle.
- “opening” ⇒ "They are [opening] the gifts”, a Present Participle.
See: Nominal Group, Gerund, Present Participle, Complex Nominal, Genetive.

References

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nominalization
- 1. (linguistics) the use of a verb or an adjective as a noun, with or without morphological transformation, so that the word can now act as the head of a noun phrase.
(Wikipedia, 2009) ⇒ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominalization
- In linguistics, nominalization refers to the use of a verb or an adjective as a noun, with or without morphological transformation, so that the word can now act as the head of a noun phrase.
- Nominalization happens in languages around the world. Some languages allow verbs to be used as nouns, while others require some form of morphological transformation. English has cases of both.
- Grammatical nominalization: This is process by which a grammatical expression is turned into a nominal group, also known more loosely as a noun phrase. An example is the change from "The experiment involved combining the two chemicals" to "The experiment involved the combining of the two chemicals".
  - A nominal form is sometime preferable to its corresponding sentence with a relative clause.
- Lexical nominalization: Some verbs and adjectives can be used directly as nouns, such as change, good, murder, and use. Others require a suffix:
  - applicability (from applicable)
  - carelessness (from careless)

(Girju et al., 2004) ⇒ Roxana Girju, A.M. Giuglea, M. Olteanu, O. Fortu, and Dan Moldovan. (2004). “Support Vector Machines Applied to the Classification of Semantic Relations in Nominalized Noun Phrases.” In: Proceedings of HLT/NAACL 2004 Workshop on Computational Lexical Semantics.
- … Nominalizations represent a particular subclass of NP constructions that in general have “a systematic correspondence with a clause structure” (Quirk et al. 1985).
- … As in (Hull and Gomez 1996), in this paper we use the term nominalization to refer only to those senses of the nominalized nouns which are derived from verbs. For example, the noun “decoration” has three senses in WordNet 2.0: an ornament (#1), a medal (#2), and the act of decorating (#3). Only the last sense is a nominalization.
(Moldovan et al., 2004) ⇒ Dan Moldovan, A. Badulescu, M. Tatu, D. Antohe, and Roxana Girju. (2004). “Semantic Classification of Non-nominalized Noun Phrases.” In: Proceedings of HLT/NAACL 2004 - Computational Lexical Semantics workshop.

(Macleod et al., 1998) ⇒ C. Macleod, R. Grishman, A. Meyers, L. Barrett, and R. Reeves. (1998). “Nomlex: A lexicon of nominalizations.” In: Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of the European Association for Lexicography.

(Hull & Gomez, 1996) ⇒ R. Hull and F. Gomez. (1996). “Semantic Interpretation of Nominalizations.” In: AAAI Conference (AAAI 1996).

(Quirk et al., 1985) ⇒ Randolph Quirk, S. Greenbaum, Geoffry Leech, and Jan Svartvik. (1985). “A Comprehensive Grammar of English Language.” Longman, Harlow.

(Chomsky, 1970) ⇒ Noam Chomsky. (1970). “Remarks on Nominalization.” In: Readings in English Transformational Grammar. Jacobs,