Poverty Measure
A Poverty Measure is an economic deprivation measure that quantifies poverty levels and poverty characteristics in populations.
- AKA: Poverty Indicator, Poverty Metric, Poverty Index, Poverty Assessment.
- Context:
- It can typically quantify Economic Deprivation through income thresholds, consumption levels, and asset ownership.
- It can typically capture Multidimensional Poverty including health deprivation, educational deprivation, and living standard deprivation.
- It can typically assess Poverty Depth through poverty gaps and poverty severity indexes.
- It can typically evaluate Poverty Duration distinguishing transient poverty from chronic poverty.
- It can typically identify Poverty Distribution across demographic groups and geographic regions.
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- It can often inform Poverty Reduction Policy through poverty targeting and poverty monitoring.
- It can often enable Poverty Comparisons across time periods, countries, and regions.
- It can often reveal Poverty Dynamics including poverty entry and poverty exit.
- It can often support Poverty Research and poverty analysis.
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- It can range from being an Absolute Poverty Measure to being a Relative Poverty Measure, depending on its poverty threshold type.
- It can range from being a Monetary Poverty Measure to being a Non-Monetary Poverty Measure, depending on its poverty dimension.
- It can range from being a Unidimensional Poverty Measure to being a Multidimensional Poverty Measure, depending on its poverty indicator count.
- It can range from being a Individual Poverty Measure to being an Aggregate Poverty Measure, depending on its measurement level.
- It can range from being a Static Poverty Measure to being a Dynamic Poverty Measure, depending on its temporal approach.
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- It can be calculated using Poverty Lines, poverty thresholds, and poverty standards.
- It can be expressed as Poverty Rates, poverty ratios, and poverty percentages.
- It can be decomposed into Poverty Components and poverty subgroups.
- It can be validated through Poverty Surveys and poverty censuses.
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- Example(s):
- International Poverty Measures:
- World Bank Poverty Line ($2.15/day extreme poverty threshold).
- Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) by Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative.
- Human Poverty Index (HPI) by United Nations Development Programme.
- Global Poverty Line for international poverty comparisons.
- National Poverty Measures:
- US Federal Poverty Level based on food cost multiple.
- European Union At-Risk-of-Poverty Rate (60% of median income).
- Chinese Poverty Standard for rural and urban areas.
- Indian Below Poverty Line (BPL) classification.
- Specialized Poverty Measures:
- Child Poverty Measure focusing on child-specific deprivations.
- Energy Poverty Measure assessing energy access and affordability.
- Food Poverty Measure evaluating nutritional adequacy.
- Time Poverty Measure quantifying time deficits.
- Geographic Poverty Measures:
- Historical Poverty Measures:
- Booth Poverty Map (1889 London).
- Rowntree Poverty Line (1901).
- Orshansky Poverty Thresholds (1963).
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- International Poverty Measures:
- Counter-Example(s):
- Wealth Measure, which quantifies asset accumulation rather than deprivation.
- Income Measure, which captures earnings without poverty context.
- Inequality Measure, which assesses distribution rather than absolute deprivation.
- Development Indicator, which measures progress rather than poverty.
- See: Economic Deprivation Measure, Poor People Population, Poverty Line, Poverty Threshold, Poverty Rate, Economic Measure, Social Indicator, Welfare Measure, Living Standard Measure, Inequality Measure.