Racial Inequality
A Racial Inequality is a social inequality that is racist.
- See: Gender Inequality, Norm (Social), Equality of Outcome, Economic Inequality, Income Inequality, Privilege (Social Inequality).
References
2023
- (Wikipedia, 2023) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_inequality#Racial_and_ethnic_inequality Retrieved:2023-8-8.
- Racial or ethnic inequality is the result of hierarchical social distinctions between racial and ethnic categories within a society and often established based on characteristics such as skin color and other physical characteristics or an individual's place of origin. Racial inequality occurs due to racism and systemic racism.
Racial inequality can also result in diminished opportunities for members of marginalized groups, as a result of this process it can in turn lead to cycles of poverty and political marginalization. An prime example of this is redlining in Chicago, where redlines would be drawn on maps around black neighborhoods, specifically for the purpose of not allowing them out of run down public housing by not giving loans to black people.[1]
Racial and ethnic categories become a minority category in a society. Minority members in such a society are often subjected to discriminatory actions resulting from majority policies, including assimilation, exclusion, oppression, expulsion, and extermination.[2] For example, during the run-up to the 2012 federal elections in the United States, legislation in certain "battleground states" that claimed to target voter fraud had the effect of disenfranchising tens of thousands of primarily African-American voters.[3] These types of institutional barriers to full and equal social participation have far-reaching effects within marginalized communities, including reduced economic opportunity and output, reduced educational outcomes and opportunities and reduced levels of overall health.[4]
In the United States, Angela Davis argues that mass incarceration has been a modern tool of the state to impose inequality, repression, and discrimination upon African Americans and Hispanics.[5] (Template:Crossref). The War on Drugs has been a campaign with disparate effects, ensuring the constant incarceration of poor, vulnerable, and marginalized populations in North America. Over a million African Americans are incarcerated in the US, many of whom have been convicted of a non-violent drug possession charge. With the states of Colorado and Washington having legalized the possession of marijuana, lobbyists for drug liberalization are hopeful that drug issues will be interpreted and dealt with from a healthcare perspective instead of a matter of criminal law. In Canada, Aboriginal, First Nations, and Indigenous persons represent over a quarter of the federal prison population, even though they only represent 3% of the country's population.
- Racial or ethnic inequality is the result of hierarchical social distinctions between racial and ethnic categories within a society and often established based on characteristics such as skin color and other physical characteristics or an individual's place of origin. Racial inequality occurs due to racism and systemic racism.
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Henrard, Kristen (2000). Devising an Adequate System of Minority Protection: Individual Human Rights, Minority Rights and the Right to Self-Determination. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-9041113597.
- ↑ Alvarez, R. Michael Michael; Bailey, Delia; Katz, Jonathan N. (January 2008). The Effect of Voter Identification Laws on Turnout. California Institute of Technology Social Science Working Paper No. 1267R. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1084598. SSRN 1084598. https://authors.library.caltech.edu/79573/.
- ↑ Thompson, Teresa L. (2012). The Routledge Handbook of Health Communication. Routledge. pp. 241–42.
- ↑ Davis, Angela Y. (2005). Abolition Democracy: Beyond Prisons, Torture, and Empire. Seven Stories. p. 160. ISBN 978-1583226957. https://archive.org/details/abolitiondemocra0000davi/page/160.
2010
- (Wolff, 2010) ⇒ Edward N Wolff. (2010). “Recent Trends in Household Wealth in the United States: Rising Debt and the Middle-class Squeeze-an Update to 2007." Levy Economics Institute Working Papers Series.
2002
- (Loury, 2002) ⇒ Glenn Loury. (2002). "The Anatomy of Racial Inequality.” In: Harvard University Press.
- NOTE: It examines the structural aspects of racial inequality, exploring the underlying factors contributing to disparities.