Socialist Economic Ideology
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A Socialist Economic Ideology is a macro-economic ideology that espouses a dominance of regulated economic activity (especially for the means of production).
- AKA: Socialism.
- Context:
- It can (typically) require weak Private Property Laws (to enforce private property rights).
- It can (typically) try to describe a Socialist National Economy.
- It can range from being a Lightly-Regulated Socialist Economic Doctrine to being a Highly-Regulated Socialist Economic Doctrine (e.g. Communism).
- It can range from being a Centralized Socialism (with state ownership) to being a Distributed Socialism (such as market socialism).
- It can be associated to a Socialist Political System, such as a democratic socialism or a totalitarian socialism.
- It can be held by a Socialist.
- Example(s):
- Counter-Example(s):
- See: Common Ownership, Economic Planning, Production For Use, Capital Accumulation, Historical Materialism, Productive Forces, Communism, Classless Society, Stateless Society, Post-Scarcity Economy, From Each According To His Ability, To Each According To His Need, Planned Economy, Mode of Production.
References
2013
- (Wikipedia, 2013) ⇒ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism Retrieved:2013-12-3.
- Socialism is an economic system characterised by social ownership of the means of production and co-operative management of the economy. [1] "Social ownership" may refer to cooperative enterprises, common ownership, state ownership, citizen ownership of equity, or any combination of these. [2] There are many varieties of socialism and there is no single definition encapsulating all of them. [3] They differ in the type of social ownership they advocate, the degree to which they rely on markets or planning, how management is to be organised within productive institutions, and the role of the state in constructing socialism. [4] A socialist economic system is based on the organizational precept of production for use, meaning the production of goods and services to directly satisfy economic demand and human needs where objects are valued based on their use-value or utility, as opposed to being structured upon the accumulation of capital and production for profit. [5] In the traditional conception of a socialist economy, coordination, accounting and valuation would be performed in kind (using physical quantities), a common physical magnitude, or a direct measure of labor-time in place of financial calculation. [6] [7] Distribution of output is based on the principle of to each according to his contribution. The exact methods of resource allocation and valuation are the subject of debate within the broader socialist calculation debate. In the Marxist theory of historical materialism, it is predicted that further advances in technology and the productive forces will give rise to a more advanced stage of development referred to as communism, a society in which classes and the state are no longer present, and there is access abundance to final goods, and thus distribution is based on to each according to his need. As a political movement, socialism includes a diverse array of political philosophies, ranging from reformism to revolutionary socialism. Proponents of state socialism advocate the nationalisation of the means of production, distribution and exchange as a strategy for implementing socialism. In contrast, libertarian socialism opposes the use of state power to achieve such an arrangement, opposing both parliamentary politics and state ownership.[8] Democratic socialism seeks to establish socialism through democratic processes and propagate its ideals within the context of a democratic political system. Modern socialism originated from an 18th-century intellectual and working class political movement that criticised the effects of industrialisation and private property on society. In the early 19th-century, "socialism" referred to any concern for the social problems of capitalism irrespective of the solutions to those problems. However, by the late 19th-century, "socialism" had come to signify opposition to capitalism and advocacy for an alternative system based on some form of social ownership. [9] Marxists expanded further on this, attributing scientific assessment and democratic planning as critical elements of socialism.[10]
- ↑ socialism Britannica ACADEMIC EDITION. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- ↑ O'Hara, Phillip (September 2003). Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2. Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 0-415-24187-1. "In order of increasing decentralization (at least) three forms of socialized ownership can be distinguished: state-owned firms, employee-owned (or socially) owned firms, and citizen ownership of equity."
- ↑ Peter Lamb, J. C. Docherty. Historical dictionary of socialism. Lanham, Maryland, UK; Oxford, England, UK: Scarecrow Press, Inc, 2006. p. 1.
- ↑ Nove, Alec. Socialism. New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition (2008): http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000173
- ↑ "Socialism and Capitalism: Are They Qualitatively Different Socioeconomic Systems?", by Kotz, David M. Retrieved February 19, 2011, from University of Massachusetts: http://people.umass.edu/dmkotz/Soc_and_Cap_Diff_Syst_06_12.pdf: "This understanding of socialism was held not just by revolutionary Marxist socialists but also by evolutionary socialists, Christian socialists, and even anarchists. At that time, there was also wide agreement about the basic institutions of the future socialist system: public ownership instead of private ownership of the means of production, economic planning instead of market forces, production for use instead of for profit."
- ↑ Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists, by Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hillel; Ollman, Bertell. 1998. From "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism" (pp. 61–63): "More fundamentally, a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs...Exchange-value, prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market. There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare. Under conditions of backwardness, the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology ... It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use-value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist. It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication, would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality."
- ↑ Bockman, Johanna (2011). Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7566-3.
- ↑ Gasper, Phillip (October 2005). The Communist Manifesto: a road map to history's most important political document. Haymarket Books. p. 24. ISBN 1-931859-25-6. "As the nineteenth century progressed, "socialist" came to signify not only concern with the social question, but opposition to capitalism and support for some form of social ownership."
- ↑ Anthony Giddens. Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics. 1998 edition. Cambridge, England, UK: Polity Press, 1994, 1998. p. 71.
1942
- (Schumpeter, 1942) ⇒ Joseph Schumpeter. (1942). “Socialism, Capitalism and Democracy." Harper and Brothers.
????
- Rosa Luxemburg. (????). “Reform or Revolution."
- Frederick Engels. (????). “Socialism: Utopian and Scientific"