Open Society

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An Open Society is a society that ...



References

2018

  • (Wikipedia, 2018) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/open_society Retrieved:2018-8-28.
    • The open society was conceived in 1932 by French philosopher Henri Bergson. [1] [2] The idea was further developed during the Second World War by Austrian-born British philosopher Karl Popper. [3] [4] Bergson describes a closed society as a closed system of law or religion. It is static, like a closed mind.[5] Bergson suggests that if all traces of civilization were to disappear, the instincts of the closed society for including or excluding others would remain. [6] In contrast, an open society is dynamic and inclined to moral universalism. Popper saw the open society as part of a historical continuum reaching from the organic, tribal, or closed society, through the open society marked by a critical attitude to tradition, to the abstract or depersonalized society lacking all face-to-face interaction transactions. [7]

      In open societies, the government is expected to be responsive and tolerant, and its political mechanisms transparent and flexible. It can be characterized as opposed to authoritarianism.

  1. • Henri Bergson ([1932] 1937). Les Deux Sources de la morale et de la religion, ch. I, pp. 1-103, & ch. IV, pp. 287–343. Félix Alcan.
    • Translated as ([1935] 1977), The Two Sources of Morality and Religion Internet Archive (left or right arrow buttons select succeeding pages), pp. 18-27, 45-65, 229-34. , trs., R. A. Audra and C. Brereton, with assistance of W. H. Carter. Macmillan press, Notre Dame.
  2. Leszek Kołakowski, Modernity on Endless Trial (1997), p. 162
  3. K. R. Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies, 2 vols. ([1945] 1966), 5th ed.
  4. A. N. Wilson, Our Times (2008), pp. 17–18
  5. Thomas Mautner (2005), 2nd ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy ["open society" entry], p. 443.
  6. Henri Bergson, The Two Sources of Morality and Religion, pp. 20-21. 1935, Macmillan.
  7. K. R. Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies (1945), v 1:1 and 174–75.

1945