Free Morpheme
A Free Morpheme is a morpheme that can occur alone.
- Example(s):
cat.distinguish.laugh.- …
- Counter-Example(s):
- See: Morphological Root, Linguistics, Lexeme, Affix, Prefix, Suffix.
References
2018
- (Wikipedia, 2018) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme#Classification_of_morphemes Retrieved:2018-3-18.
- Every morpheme can be classified as either free or bound. Morphology Classification Of Morphemes Referenced 19 March 2014 These categories are mutually exclusive, and as such, a given morpheme will belong to exactly one of them.
- Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear within lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse).
- Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Examples of suffixes are -tion, -ation, -ible, -ing, etc. Bound morphemes that are not affixed are called cranberry morphemes.
- Every morpheme can be classified as either free or bound. Morphology Classification Of Morphemes Referenced 19 March 2014 These categories are mutually exclusive, and as such, a given morpheme will belong to exactly one of them.
2009
- (WordNet, 2009) ⇒ http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=free%20morpheme
- S: (n) free morpheme, free form (a morpheme that can occur alone)
2001
- (Hausser, 2001) ⇒ Roland Hausser. (2001). “Foundations of Computational Linguistics: Human-Computer Communication in Natural Language, 2nd edition. Springer.
- QUOTE: The central task of a future-oriented computational linguistics is the development of cognitive machines which humans can freely talk with in their respective natural language. In the long run, this task will ensure the development of a functional theory of language, an objective method of verification, and a wide range of practical applications.
Natural communication requires not only verbal processing, but also non-verbal perception and action. Therefore the content of this textbook is organized as a theory of language for the construction of talking robots. The main topic is the mechanism of natural language communication in both the speaker and the hearer.
The content is divided into four parts: Theory of Language, Theory of Grammar, Morphology and Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics. The book contains more than 700 exercises for reviewing key ideas and important problems.
In the Second Edition, changes are most noticeable in Chapters 22-24, which have been completely rewritten. They present a declarative outline for programming the semantic and pragmatic interpretation of natural language communication. The presentation is now simpler and more comprehensive. It is defined as a formal fragment and includes a new control structure, an analysis of spatio-temporal inferencing, and an analysis of internal matching based on the notion of a task analysis. Examples and explanations which were contained in the old versions of Chapters 22-24 have been moved to the new Appendix. A schematic summary and a conclusion have been added as well.
- QUOTE: The central task of a future-oriented computational linguistics is the development of cognitive machines which humans can freely talk with in their respective natural language. In the long run, this task will ensure the development of a functional theory of language, an objective method of verification, and a wide range of practical applications.
1999
- (Hausser, 1999) ⇒ Ronald Hausser. (1999). “Three Principled Methods of Automatic Word Form Recognition.” In: Proceedings of VEXTAL: Venecia per il Tratamento Automatico delle Lingue.
- QUOTE: In structuralism, the morphemes of the open and closed classes are called free morphemes, in contradistinction to bound morphemes. A morpheme is free if it can occcur as an independent word form, e.g. book. Bound morphemes, on the other hand, are affixes such as the prefixes
un-,pre-,dis-, etc., and the suffixes-s,-ed,-ing, etc., which can occur only in combination with free morphemes. The following example represents the English plural morpheme, which has been claimed to arise in such different forms asbook/s,wolv/es,ox/enandsheep/#.
- QUOTE: In structuralism, the morphemes of the open and closed classes are called free morphemes, in contradistinction to bound morphemes. A morpheme is free if it can occcur as an independent word form, e.g. book. Bound morphemes, on the other hand, are affixes such as the prefixes
1998
- (Carter, 1998) ⇒ Ronald Carter. (1998). “Vocabulary: Applied Linguistic Perspectives; 2nd edition." Routledge.
- QUOTE: Two observations can me made immediately. First, morphemes convey semantico-syntactic information. Secondly, there are two classes of morphemes: morphemes which occur independently as words and are co-terminous with specific word-forms, and morphemes which occur only as part of a word and which could not stand on their own. The first class, which are called free morphemes, would include cat, distinguish, laugh. The second class, which are called bound morphemes, would include un, s, ed, able, anti, and ism. We should note, however, that some morphemes can have the same form but still be different morphemes, for example, the 's' in cats, cat's and laughs or the 'er' in smaller, winner, eraser. These variants are usually termed allomorphs. We should also recognize that like the term lexeme, morpheme is an abstraction. To be strict, morphemes do not actually occur in words. Morphemes are realized by forms which are called morphs.