Social Democracy
A Social Democracy is a political ideology that aims for democracy and social justice.
- See: Social Model, Social Policy, Democratic Socialism, Reformism, Gradualism, Welfare State, Collective Bargaining, Revolutionary Socialist, Socialism, Progressivism, Capitalism, Representative Democracy, Economic Democracy, Co-Determination, Mixed Economy, Social Inequality, Free Market Economy, Planned Economy, Public Service, Universal Education, Universal Health Care, Workers' Compensation, Child Care, Trade Union, Labour Movement, Collective Bargaining, Socialist International, Internationalism (Politics), Revolutionary Socialism, Communism, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Ferdinand Lassalle, Marxism, Second International, Paris Commune, Universal Suffrage, Fabian Society, Orthodox Marxism, Socialist Revolution, Class Conflict, Public Enterprise, Cooperative, Liberal Socialism, Neoliberalism, Market Socialism.
References
2013
- (Wikipedia, 2013) ⇒ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy Retrieved:2013-12-3.
- Social democracy is a political ideology that officially has as its goal the establishment of democratic socialism through reformist and gradualist methods.[1] Alternatively, social democracy is defined as a policy regime involving a universal welfare state and collective bargaining schemes within the framework of a capitalist economy. It is often used in this manner to refer to the social models and economic policies prominent in Western and Northern Europe during the later half of the 20th century.[2][3]
Following the split between reformists and revolutionary socialists in the Second International, Social democrats have advocated for a peaceful and evolutionary transition of the economy to socialism through progressive social reform of capitalism.[4][5] Social democracy asserts that the only acceptable constitutional form of government is representative democracy under the rule of law.[6] It promotes extending democratic decision-making beyond political democracy to include economic democracy to guarantee employees and other economic stakeholders sufficient rights of co-determination. It supports a mixed economy that opposes the excesses of capitalism such as inequality, poverty, and oppression of various groups, while rejecting both a totally free market or a fully planned economy.[7] Common social democratic policies include advocacy of universal social rights to attain universally accessible public services such as education, health care, workers' compensation, and other services, including child care and care for the elderly.[8] Social democracy is connected with the trade union labour movement and supports collective bargaining rights for workers.[9] Most social democratic parties are affiliated with the Socialist International.
Social democracy originated in 19th century Germany from the influence of both the internationalist revolutionary socialism and doctrine of communism advanced by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; and the reformist socialism of Ferdinand Lassalle.[10] The Marxists and Lassallians were in rivalry over political influence in the movement until 1868–1869 when Marxism became the official basis of Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany.[11] In the Hague Congress of 1872, Marx modified his stance on revolution by declaring that there were countries with democratic institutions where reformist measures could be advanced, saying that "workers may achieve their aims by peaceful means, But this is not true of all countries."[12] Marx stressed his support for the Paris Commune due to its representative democracy based on universal suffrage.[12]
Fabians and Marxists influenced by Eduard Bernstein advocate an evolutionary approach to the advancement of socialism. Bernstein opposed classical and orthodox Marxisms' assumption of the necessity of socialist revolution and class conflict, claiming that socialism could be achieved via representative democracy and cooperation between people regardless of class.[13] Social democracy in the early 20th century began to transition away from association with Marxism towards liberal socialism, particularly through the influence of figures like Carlo Rosselli who sought to disassociate socialism from the legacy of Marxism.[14] By the post-World War II period, most social democrats in Europe had abandoned their ideological connection to Marxism and shifted their emphasis toward social policy reform in place of transition from capitalism to socialism.[15] The Third Way is a major faction in social democratic parties that developed in the 1990s, that has claimed to be social democratic though others have identified it as being effectively a neoliberal movement.[16]
- Social democracy is a political ideology that officially has as its goal the establishment of democratic socialism through reformist and gradualist methods.[1] Alternatively, social democracy is defined as a policy regime involving a universal welfare state and collective bargaining schemes within the framework of a capitalist economy. It is often used in this manner to refer to the social models and economic policies prominent in Western and Northern Europe during the later half of the 20th century.[2][3]
- ↑ Template:Citation
- ↑ Sejersted and Adams and Daly, Francis and Madeleine and Richard (2011). The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691147741.
- ↑ social democracy. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved: 25 November 2012.
- ↑ Michael Newman. Socialism: A Very Short Introduction. Cornwall, England, UK: Oxford University Press, 2005. [1]
- ↑ Thomas Meyer. The Theory of Social Democracy. Cambridge, England, UK: Polity Press, 2007. p. 91.
- ↑ Front Cover Ira C. Colby, Catherine N. Dulmus, Karen M. Sowers. Connecting Social Welfare Policy to Fields of Practice. John Wiley & Sons, 2012. p. 29.
- ↑ Thomas Meyer, Lewis P. Hinchman. The theory of social democracy. Cambridge, England, UK; Malden, Massachusetts, USA: Polity Press, 2007. p. 137.
- ↑ Martin Upchurch, Graham John Taylor, Andy Mathers. The crisis of social democratic trade unionism in Western Europe: the search for alternatives. Surrey, England, UK; Burlington, Vermont, USA: Ashgate Publishing, 2009. p. 51.
- ↑ Christian Aspalter. Importance of Christian and Social Democratic Movements in Welfare Politics. Huntington, New York, USA: Nova Publishers, 2001. p. 52.
- ↑ Carl E. Schorske. German Social Democracy, 1905–1917: The Development of the Great Schism. Fourth Printing. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University press, 1993. p. 2.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Micheline R. Ishay. The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era. Berkeley and Lose Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press, 2008. p. 148.
- ↑ Steger, Manfred B. The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism: Eduard Bernstein And Social Democracy. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1997. p. 146.
- ↑ Ideas in Action: Political Thought in the Twentieth Century. Oxford, England, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 1999. p. 103.
- ↑ Ian Adams. Political ideology today. Greater Manchester, England, UK; New York, New York: Manchester University Press, 1993. p. 146.
- ↑ Flavio Romano. Clinton And Blair: The Political Economy of the Third Way. Routledge, 2006. p. 11