Immune Network
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An Immune Network is a biological network of B-cells that allows an immune system to retain immunological memory.
- AKA: Immune System Network.
- See: Artificial Immune System, Adaptive Immune System, Aritficial Neural Network.
References
2018
- (Wikipedia, 2018) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_network_theory Retrieved:2018-5-31.
- The immune network theory is a theory of how the adaptive immune system works, that has been developed since 1974 mainly by Niels Jerne [1] and Geoffrey W. Hoffmann.[2] [3] The theory states that the immune system is an interacting network of lymphocytes and molecules that have variable (V) regions. These V regions bind not only to things that are foreign to the vertebrate, but also to other V regions within the system. The immune system is therefore seen as a network, with the components connected to each other by V-V interactions. It has been suggested that the phenomena that the theory describes in terms of networks are also explained by clonal selection theory. The scope of the symmetrical network theory developed by Hoffmann includes the phenomena of low dose and high dose tolerance, first reported for a single antigen by Avrion Mitchison,[4] and confirmed by Geoffrey Shellam and Sir Gustav Nossal,[5] the helper and suppressor roles [6] of T cells, the role of non-specific accessory cells in immune responses,[7] and the very important phenomenon called I-J. Jerne was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology in 1984 partly for his work towards the clonal selection theory, as well as his proposal of the immune network concept. [8] Immune network theory has also inspired a subfield of optimization algorithms similar to artificial neural networks, and unrelated to biological immunology. [9]
2017
- (Sammut & Webb, 2017) ⇒ (2017) "Immune Network". In: Sammut C., Webb G.I. (eds) [https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-1-4899-7687-1 Encyclopedia of Machine Learning and Data Mining. Springer, Boston, MA
- QUOTE: A proposed theory that the immune system is capable of achieving immunological memory by the existence of a mutually reinforcing network of B-cells. This network of B-cells forms due to the ability of the paratopes, located on B-cells, to match against the idiotopes on other B-cells. The binding between the idiotopes and paratopes has the effect of stimulating the B-cells. This is because the paratopes on B-cells react to the idiotopes on similar B-cells, as it would an antigen. However, to counter the reaction there is a certain amount of suppression between the B-cells which acts as a regulatory mechanism. This interaction of the B-cells due to the network was said to contribute to a stable memory structure and account for the retainment of memory cells, even in the absence of antigen. This interaction of cells forms the basis of inspiration for a large number of AIS algorithms, for example aiNET.
2011
- (Sammut & Webb, 2011) ⇒ Claude Sammut (editor), and Geoffrey I. Webb (editor). (2011). “Immune Network.” In: (Sammut & Webb, 2011) p.515
- ↑ N. K. Jerne (1974) Towards a network theory of the immune system. Ann. Immunol. (Inst. Pasteur), 125C, 373-389
- ↑ Hoffmann G. W. (1975). “A network theory of the immune system". Eur. J. Immunol. 5 (638–647): 1975. doi:10.1002/eji.1830050912.
- ↑ G. W. Hoffmann (2008) Immune Network Theory. Monograph published at www.physics.ubc.ca/~hoffmann/ni.html
- ↑ N. A. Mitchison (1964) Induction of immunological paralysis in two zones of dosage. Proc. Royal Soc. Lond. B161, 275-292
- ↑ Shellam G. R.; Nossal G. J. V. (1968). “The mechanism of induction of immunological paralysis. IV. The effects of ultra-low doses of flagellin". Immunology. 14 (2): 273–284. PMC 1409291 Freely accessible. PMID 5640947.
- ↑ Tada T, Takemori T (1974). “Selective roles of thymus-derived lymphocytes in the antibody response. I. Differential suppressive effect of carrier-primed T cells on hapten-specific IgM and IgG antibody responses". J. Exp. Med. 140 (1): 239–52. doi:10.1084/jem.140.1.239. PMC 2139696 Freely accessible. PMID 4134784.
- ↑ Evans R.; Grant C. K.; Cox H.; Steel K.; Alexander P. (1972). “Thymus-derived lymphocytes produce an immunologically specific macrophage-arming factor". J. Exp. Med. 136 (5): 1318–1322. doi:10.1084/jem.136.5.1318. PMC 2139296 Freely accessible. PMID 4117192.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984
- ↑ e.g.e.g. Campelo F, Guimarães FG, Igarashi H, Ramírez JA, Noguchi S (2006). “A Modified Immune Network Algorithm for Multimodal Electromagnetic Problems". IEEE Trans. Magnetics. 42 (4): 1111–1114. doi:10.1109/TMAG.2006.871633. ISSN 0018-9464.