Liberal Democracy
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A Liberal Democracy is a representative democracy that operates under liberal norms (such as: protecting the rights of the individual, due process, free press).
- Context:
- It can (typically) promote Trade Liberalization.
- It can (often) align with Liberal Internationalism.
- It can be a product of the Industrial Revolution.
- ...
- Example(s):
- U.S. in 1993, which passed NAFTA.
- …
- Counter-Example(s):
- See: Form of Government, Representative Democracy, Liberalism, Elections, Pluralism (Political Philosophy), Political Parties, Separation of Powers, Branches of Government, Rule of Law, Open Society, Human Rights, Civil Rights, Civil Liberties.
References
2023
- GBard
- Liberal democracy is a form of government that combines the structure of a representative democracy with the principles of liberal political philosophy. Liberal democracies are characterized by a number of key features, including:
- Limited government: The power of government is limited by a constitution, which protects individual rights and freedoms.
- Rule of law: The government is subject to the law, and no one is above the law.
- Separation of powers: The government is divided into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. Each branch has its own powers and responsibilities, and they are designed to check and balance each other.
- Free and fair elections: Citizens have the right to vote in free and fair elections to choose their leaders.
- Protection of individual rights and freedoms: Citizens have a number of fundamental rights and freedoms, such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of assembly.
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- Here are some specific examples of how the Industrial Revolution contributed to the development of liberal democracy:
- The growth of the middle class created a new social force that was supportive of democratic reforms.
- The rise of trade unions gave workers a collective voice and helped to improve working conditions.
- The spread of education made it possible for more people to participate in the political process.
- The Industrial Revolution led to a new understanding of the role of government in society. Governments began to play a more active role in regulating the economy and providing social welfare services.
- Liberal democracy is a form of government that combines the structure of a representative democracy with the principles of liberal political philosophy. Liberal democracies are characterized by a number of key features, including:
2018
- https://portside.org/2018-03-07/people-vs-democracy
- QUOTE: … Enter Yascha Mounk, a political theorist at Harvard. In his latest book, The People vs Democracy, Mounk focuses on the rise of illiberal democracy – that is the emergence of societies that elect their governments but which give short shrift to liberal norms such as a free press, due process, transparency, tolerance and civil liberties. …
2016
- http://economist.com/news/leaders/21709951-his-victory-threatens-old-certainties-about-america-and-its-role-world-what-will-take
- QUOTE: The election of Mr Trump is a rebuff to all liberals, including this newspaper. The open markets and classically liberal democracy that we defend, and which had seemed to be affirmed in 1989, have been rejected by the electorate first in Britain and now in America. France, Italy and other European countries may well follow. It is clear that popular support for the Western order depended more on rapid growth and the galvanising effect of the Soviet threat than on intellectual conviction. Recently Western democracies have done too little to spread the benefits of prosperity. Politicians and pundits took the acquiescence of the disillusioned for granted. As Mr Trump prepares to enter the White House, the long, hard job of winning the argument for liberal internationalism begins anew.
2014
- (Wikipedia, 2014) ⇒ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/liberal_democracy Retrieved:2014-10-6.
- Liberal democracy is a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of liberalism, i.e. protecting the rights of the individual, which are generally enshrined in law. It is characterised by fair, free, and competitive elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into different branches of government, the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society, and the equal protection of human rights, civil rights, civil liberties, and political freedoms for all persons. To define the system in practice, liberal democracies often draw upon a constitution, either formally written or uncodified, to delineate the powers of government and enshrine the social contract. After a period of sustained expansion throughout the 20th century, liberal democracy became the predominant political system in the world.
A liberal democracy may take various constitutional forms: it may be a constitutional republic, such as France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, or the United States, or a constitutional monarchy, such as Japan, Spain, the Netherlands, Canada, or the United Kingdom. It may have a presidential system (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, the United States), a semi-presidential system (France), or a parliamentary system (Australia, Canada, India, Pakistan, Italy, New Zealand, Poland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom).
- Liberal democracy is a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of liberalism, i.e. protecting the rights of the individual, which are generally enshrined in law. It is characterised by fair, free, and competitive elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into different branches of government, the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society, and the equal protection of human rights, civil rights, civil liberties, and political freedoms for all persons. To define the system in practice, liberal democracies often draw upon a constitution, either formally written or uncodified, to delineate the powers of government and enshrine the social contract. After a period of sustained expansion throughout the 20th century, liberal democracy became the predominant political system in the world.
1992
- (Fukuyama, 1992) ⇒ Francis Fukuyama. (1992). “The End of History and the Last Man." Free Press. ISBN:9780029109755
- QUOTE: "At the end of history," he wrote, "it is not necessary that all societies become successful liberal societies, merely that they end their ideological pretensions of representing different and higher forms of human society." … "At the end of history, it is not necessary that all societies become successful liberal societies, merely that they end their ideological pretensions of representing different and higher forms of human society." … "What we are witnessing, is not just the end of the cold war, or a passing of a particular period of postwar history, but the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalisation of western liberal democracy as the final form of human government."