Karl Marx (1818-1883)

A Karl Marx (1818-1883) is a person. historical materialism theory.

• AKA: Karl Heinrich Marx, Marx, K. Marx, Father of Communism, The Red Doctor (by critics).
• Context:
  • It can typically develop Marxist Economic Theory through labor theory of values and surplus value analysises.
  • It can typically establish Marxist Historical Methods through dialectical materialisms and class struggle theorys.
  • It can typically create Marxist Revolutionary Theory through proletarian revolution concepts and communist society visions.
  • It can typically formulate Marxist Social Analysises through alienation theorys and commodity fetishism critiques.
  • It can typically advance Marxist Political Philosophy through dictatorship of the proletariats and state withering theorys.
  • It can typically be associated with Marx Quotes and Marx Dictums.
  • ...
  • It can often demonstrate Marx Intellectual Collaboration through Engels partnerships and working class correspondences.
  • It can often employ Marx Critical Methods through ideological critiques and political economy analysises.
  • It can often manifest Marx Scholarly Rigor through empirical researches and theoretical synthesises.
  • It can often pursue Marx International Activism through First International leaderships and revolutionary guidances.
  • ...
  • It can range from being a Philosophical Marx (1818-1883) to being a Scientific Marx (1818-1883), depending on its Marx intellectual evolution.
  • It can range from being a Democratic Socialist Marx (1818-1883) to being a Revolutionary Communist Marx (1818-1883), depending on its Marx political development.
  • It can range from being a Theoretical Marx (1818-1883) to being a Activist Marx (1818-1883), depending on its Marx engagement mode.
  • ...
  • It can transform social science through scientific socialism foundations and materialist analysis methods.
  • It can influence global political movements through communist party formations and socialist revolutions.
  • It can shape economic thought through capitalism critiques and exploitation theorys.
  • It can inspire social theory development through class analysis frameworks and ideology critiques.
  • ...
• Example(s):
  • Marx Life Periods, such as:
    • Early Life Marx (1818-1835), including:
      • Childhood Marx (1818-1830) born to Heinrich Marx and Henrietta Pressburg in Trier, Prussia.
      • Gymnasium Student Marx (1830-1835) receiving classical education and developing enlightenment interests.
    • University Period Marx (1835-1841), including:
      • Bonn Student Marx (1835-1836) studying law and joining student societys.
      • Berlin Student Marx (1836-1841) shifting to philosophy and joining Young Hegelians.
      • Doctoral Candidate Marx (1839-1841) completing dissertation on Greek atomism.
    • Early Career Marx (1841-1843), including:
      • Rheinische Zeitung Editor Marx (1842-1843) writing radical journalism until censorship closure.
      • Jenny von Westphalen Husband Marx (1843) marrying childhood sweetheart and intellectual companion.
    • Paris Period Marx (1843-1845), including:
      • Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher Editor Marx (1844) publishing early critiques of Hegel.
      • Engels Collaborator Marx (1844) beginning lifelong intellectual partnership.
      • 1844 Manuscripts Author Marx (1844) developing alienation theory.
    • Brussels Period Marx (1845-1848), including:
      • German Ideology Co-Author Marx (1845) formulating historical materialism.
      • Communist League Member Marx (1847) joining revolutionary organization.
      • Communist Manifesto Author Marx (1848) producing revolutionary program.
    • Revolutionary Period Marx (1848-1849), including:
      • Cologne Revolutionary Marx (1848-1849) editing Neue Rheinische Zeitung.
      • Democratic Movement Participant Marx (1848-1849) supporting German revolution.
    • London Exile Marx (1849-1883), including:
      • British Museum Researcher Marx (1850-1867) studying political economy.
      • Das Kapital Author Marx (1867) publishing magnum opus first volume.
      • International Workingmen's Association Leader Marx (1864-1872) guiding First International.
      • Late Period Marx (1875-1883) writing Critique of the Gotha Programme and studying Russian communes.
  • Marx Theoretical Contributions, such as:
    • Historical Materialism Theory explaining social change through productive force development.
    • Labor Theory of Value analyzing commodity value through socially necessary labor time.
    • Surplus Value Theory revealing capitalist exploitation mechanisms.
    • Class Struggle Theory identifying historical development motor.
    • Alienation Theory describing worker estrangement under capitalism.
    • Commodity Fetishism Theory exposing social relation mystification.
  • Marx Major Works, such as:
    • The Communist Manifesto (1848) outlining revolutionary program.
    • Grundrisse (1857-1858) drafting political economy critique.
    • A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859) introducing base-superstructure model.
    • Das Kapital Volume I (1867) analyzing capital accumulation process.
    • Das Kapital Volumes II-III (posthumous) examining circulation and distribution.
  • Marx Key Dictums, such as:
    • "Religion is the opium of the people" critiquing ideological function.
    • "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles" summarizing historical materialism.
    • "Workers of the world, unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains" calling for proletarian revolution.
    • "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs" envisioning communist society.
    • "Philosophers have only interpreted the world; the point is to change it" advocating revolutionary praxis.
    • "The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it" (Thesis 11 on Feuerbach).
  • Marx Historical Impact Periods, such as:
    • Immediate Reception Period (1883-1895) with Engels completing Marx manuscripts.
    • Second International Period (1889-1914) spreading Marxist partys globally.
    • Revolutionary Implementation Period (1917-1924) with Lenin applying Marxist theory.
    • Global Expansion Period (1945-1989) establishing socialist states worldwide.
    • Post-Cold War Period (1989-present) reassessing Marx relevance in neoliberal era.
  • ...
• Counter-Example(s):
  • Adam Smith (1723-1790), who theorized capitalist efficiency through invisible hand rather than exposing exploitation.
  • John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), who advocated liberal reform rather than revolutionary transformation.
  • Max Weber (1864-1920), who emphasized cultural factors rather than economic determinism.
  • Friedrich Hayek (1899-1992), who defended market spontaneity against planned economy.
  • Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924), who adapted Marxism to Russian conditions through vanguard party theory.
  • Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932), who promoted evolutionary socialism rather than revolutionary overthrow.
  • Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876), who advocated anarchist revolution rather than proletarian dictatorship.
• See: Political Economist, Communist, Socialist, Revolutionary Socialist, German Philosopher, Historical Materialism, Communist Manifesto, Das Kapital, Friedrich Engels, First International, Labor Theory of Value, Surplus Value, Class Struggle, Dialectical Materialism, Marxism, Scientific Socialism, Critique of Political Economy, Alienation Theory, Communist Social Movement, First Industrial Revolution (~1760 to ~1840), Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924), Rosa Luxemburg, Antonio Gramsci, Class Conflict, Religion is the Opium of The Masses, From Each According to His Ability to Each According to His Needs Principle, 1848 TheCommunistManifesto, 1867 DasKapital, Dictatorship of the Proletariat.

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References

• http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/j--bradford-delong-wonders-whether-capital-now-substitutes-for--rather-than-complements--labor#9wFeoRjB75FAjBrA.99

2013

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx
  • Karl Heinrich Marx (Berlin Template:IPA-de, 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a Prussian-German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His ideas played a significant role in the establishment of the social sciences and the development of the socialist movement. He is also considered one of the greatest economists in history. He published numerous books during his lifetime, the most notable being The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Capital (1867–1894). He worked closely with his friend and fellow revolutionary socialist, Friedrich Engels.

    Born into a wealthy middle-class family in Trier in the Prussian Rhineland, Marx studied at the University of Bonn and the University of Berlin, where he became interested in the philosophical ideas of the Young Hegelians. In 1836 he became engaged to Jenny von Westphalen, whom he married in 1843. After his studies, he wrote for a radical newspaper in Cologne, and began to work out his theory of dialectical materialism. After moving to Paris in 1843, he began writing for other radical newspapers. He met Engels in Paris, and the two men worked together on a series of books. Exiled to Brussels, he became a leading figure of the Communist League, before moving back to Cologne and founding his own newspaper. In 1849 he was exiled again and moved to London together with his wife and children. In London, where the family was reduced to poverty, Marx continued writing and formulating his theories about the nature of society and how he believed it could be improved, and also campaigned for socialism — he became a significant figure in the International Workingmen's Association.

    Marx's theories about society, economics and politics — collectively known as Marxism — hold that all societies progress through the dialectic of class struggle: a conflict between an ownership class which controls production and a lower class which produces the labour for goods. Heavily critical of the current socio-economic form of society, capitalism, he called it the "dictatorship of the bourgeoisie", believing it to be run by the wealthy classes purely for their own benefit; and he predicted that, like previous socioeconomic systems, capitalism would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system: socialism. He argued that under socialism society would be governed by the working class in what he called the “dictatorship of the proletariat", the "workers' state" or "workers' democracy". He believed that socialism would, in its turn, eventually be replaced by a stateless, classless society called communism. Along with believing in the inevitability of socialism and communism, Marx actively fought for the former's implementation, arguing that social theorists and underprivileged people alike should carry out organised revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic change.

    Revolutionary socialist governments espousing Marxist concepts took power in a variety of countries in the 20th century, leading to the formation of such socialist states as the Soviet Union in 1922 and the People's Republic of China in 1949. Many labour unions and workers' parties worldwide were also influenced by Marxist ideas, while various theoretical variants, such as Leninism, Stalinism, Trotskyism, and Maoism, were developed from them. Marx is typically cited, with Émile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three principal architects of modern social science. Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history.

1939

• (Berlin, 1939) => Isaiah Berlin. (1939). “Karl Marx: His Life and Environment".

187?

• Karl Marx.
  • QUOTE: The theory of Communism may be summed up in one sentence: Abolish all private property.
  • QUOTE: Without doubt, machinery has greatly increased the number of well-to-do idlers.
  • QUOTE: Capital is dead labor, which, vampire-like, lives only by sucking living labor, and lives the more, the more labor it sucks.

1867

• (Marx, 1867) => Karl Marx. (1867). “Das Kapital."

1863

• (Marx, 1863) ⇒ Karl Marx. (1863). “Theories of Surplus-Value" Volume IV of Das Capital.".

1848

• (Marx & Engels, 1848) ⇒ Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels. (1848). “The Communist Manifesto."

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