Palestinian
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A Palestinian is an person with origins to the region of Palestine.
- Context:
- They can (typically) be a member of a Palestinian People.
- They can range from being a Palestenian Region Palestinian to being a Ex-Pat Palestenian.
- They can identify with their religious, cultural, or political affiliations, such as Sunni Islam, Christianity, or Palestinian nationalism.
- ...
- Example(s):
- Counter-Example(s):
- an Israeli.
- a Kurd.
- an Armenian.
- a Indigeneous-Identifying South African.
- See: Adania Shibli, Rashid Khalidi, Arab Citizens of Israel, Israeli, Palestinian Nationalism, Flag of Palestine.
References
2023
- (Wikipedia, 2023) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians Retrieved:2023-10-21.
- Palestinians (, ; , ) or Palestinian people (, ), also referred to as Palestinian Arabs (, ), are an Arab ethnonational group [1] [2] [3] [4] descending from people who have inhabited the region of Palestine over the millennia. [5] [6] [7] Despite various wars and exoduses , roughly one half of the world's Palestinian population continues to reside in the territory of former Mandatory Palestine, now encompassing the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (the Palestinian territories) as well as Israel. In this combined area, , Palestinians constitute a demographic majority, with an estimated population of 7.503 million or 51.16% (as compared to Jews at 46-47%) of all inhabitants, taking in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and almost 21 percent of the population of Israel proper as part of its Arab citizens. [8] [9] [10] Many are Palestinian refugees or internally displaced Palestinians, including more than a million in the Gaza Strip, around 750,000 in the West Bank, and around 250,000 in Israel proper. Of the Palestinian population who live abroad, known as the Palestinian diaspora, more than half are stateless, lacking legal citizenship in any country. Between 2.1 and 3.24 million of the diaspora population live as refugees in neighboring Jordan; over 1 million live between Syria and Lebanon, and about 750,000 live in Saudi Arabia, with Chile holding the largest Palestinian diaspora concentration (around half a million) outside of the Arab world. In 1919, Palestinian Muslims and Palestinian Christians constituted 90 percent of the population of Palestine, just before the third wave of Jewish immigration under the British Mandate after World War I. [11] [12] Opposition to Jewish immigration spurred the consolidation of a unified national identity, though Palestinian society was still fragmented by regional, class, religious, and family differences. [13] [14] The history of the Palestinian national identity is a disputed issue amongst scholars; the term "Palestinian" was used to refer to the nationalist concept of a Palestinian people by Palestinian Arabs from the late 19th century and in the pre-World War I period. The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and subsequent creation of an individual British Mandate for the region replaced Ottoman citizenship with Palestinian citizenship, solidifying a national identity. After the Israeli Declaration of Independence, the 1948 Palestinian expulsion, and more so after the 1967 Palestinian exodus, the term "Palestinian" evolved into a sense of a shared future in the form of aspirations for a Palestinian state. Today, the Palestinian identity encompasses the heritage of all ages from biblical times up to the Ottoman period. Founded in 1964, the Palestine Liberation Organization is an umbrella organization for groups that represent the Palestinian people before international states. The Palestinian National Authority, officially established in 1994 as a result of the Oslo Accords, is an interim administrative body nominally responsible for governance in Palestinian population centres in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Since 1978, the United Nations has observed an annual International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People. According to British historian Perry Anderson, it is estimated that half of the population in the Palestinian territories are refugees, and that they have collectively suffered approximately US$300 billion in property losses due to Israeli confiscations, at 2008–2009 prices.[15]
- ↑ Wittes, Tamara Cofman. 2005. How Israelis and Palestinians Negotiate: A Cross-cultural Analysis. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 5. “But given that the groups we are concerned with (Israelis and Palestinians) are ethnonational groups, their political cultures are heavily shaped by their ethnonational identities."
- ↑ Jabareen, Hassan. 2002. “The Future of Arab Citizenship in Israel:Jewish-Zionist Time in as Place with No Palestinian memory." In Challenging Ethnic Citizenship: German and Israeli Perspectives on Immigration, edited by D. Levy and Y. Weiss. Berghahn Books. p. 214. “This blurring has led to a situation in which characteristics of the State of Israel are presented as characteristics of a nation-state, even though (de facto) it is a binational state, and Palestinian citizens are presented as an ethnic minority group although they are a homeland majority."
- ↑ Hussain, Mir Zohair, and Stephan Shumock. 2006. “Ethnonationalism: A Concise Overview." In Perspectives on Contemporary Ethnic Conflict: Primal Violence Or the Politics of Conviction, edited by S. C. Saha. Lexington Books. pp. 269ff, 284: "The Palestinians...are an ethnic minority in their country of residence."
- ↑ Nasser, Riad. 2013. Palestinian Identity in Jordan and Israel: The Necessary “Others” in the Making of a Nation. Routledge: "What is noteworthy here is the use of a general category ‘Arabs,’ instead of a more specific one of 'Palestinians.' By turning to a general category, the particularity of Palestinians, among other ethnic and national groups, is erased and in its place Jordanian identity is implanted."
- ↑ Abu-Libdeh, Bassam, Peter D. Turnpenny, and Ahmed Teebi. 2012. “Genetic Disease in Palestine and Palestinians." Pp. 700–11 in Genomics and Health in the Developing World, edited by D. Kumar. Oxford University Press. p. 700: "Palestinians are an indigenous people who either live in, or originate from, historical Palestine.... Although the Muslims guaranteed security and allowed religious freedom to all inhabitants of the region, the majority converted to Islam and adopted Arab culture."
- ↑ Khalidi, Rashid Ismail, et al. [1999] 2020. “Palestine § From the Arab Conquest to 1900." Encyclopædia Britannica. “The process of Arabization and Islamization was gaining momentum there. It was one of the mainstays of Umayyad power and was important in their struggle against both Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula.... Conversions arising from convenience as well as conviction then increased. These conversions to Islam, together with a steady tribal inflow from the desert, changed the religious character of Palestine's inhabitants. The predominantly Christian population gradually became predominantly Muslim and Arabic-speaking. At the same time, during the early years of Muslim control of the city, a small permanent Jewish population returned to Jerusalem after a 500-year absence."
- ↑ Parkes, James. [1949] 1970. Whose Land? A History of the Peoples of Palestine (rev. ed.) Penguin. pp. 209–10: "the word 'Arab' needs to be used with care. It is applicable to the Bedouin and to a section of the urban and effendi classes; it is inappropriate as a description of the rural mass of the population, the fellaheen. The whole population spoke Arabic, usually corrupted by dialects bearing traces of words of other origin, but it was only the Bedouin who habitually thought of themselves as Arabs. Western travelers from the sixteenth century onwards make the same distinction, and the word 'Arab' almost always refers to them exclusively.... Gradually it was realized that there remained a substantial stratum of the pre-Israelite peasantry, and that the oldest element among the peasants were not 'Arabs' in the sense of having entered the country with or after the conquerors of the seventh century, had been there already when the Arabs came."
- ↑ Meron Rapaport, 'The Israeli right is the minority — the left need only realize it,' +972 magazine 12 January 2023
- ↑ 'Jews now a 47% minority in Israel and the territories, demographer says,' The Times of Israel 30 August 2022.
- ↑ Alan Dowty, Critical issues in Israeli society, Greenwood (2004), p. 110
- ↑ Kathleen Christison, Perceptions of Palestine: Their Influence on U.S. Middle East Policy, University of California Press, 2001 p.32.
- ↑ Alfred J. Andrea, James H. Overfield, The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Volume II: Since 1500, Cengage Learning, 2011 7th.ed. op,437.
- ↑ Rashid Khalidi,pp.24–26
- ↑ Paul Scham, Walid Salem, Benjamin Pogrund (eds.),Shared Histories: A Palestinian-Israeli Dialogue, Left Coast Press, 2005 pp.69–73.
- ↑ Perry Anderson, 'The House of Zion', New Left Review 96, November–December 2015 pp. 5–37, p.31 n.55, citing Rex Brynen and Roula E-Rifai (eds.), Compensation to Palestinian Refugees and the Search for Palestinian-Israeli Peace, London 2013, pp.10,132–69.