Human-level Intelligence (AGI) Machine

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A Human-level Intelligence (AGI) Machine is an intelligent machine with a system capability that approximates human-level intelligence.

References

2020

  • (Wikipedia, 2020) ⇒ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/artificial_general_intelligence Retrieved:2020-2-20.
    • Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is the intelligence of a machine that has the capacity to understand or learn any intellectual task that a human being can. It is a primary goal of some artificial intelligence research and a common topic in science fiction and futures studies. AGI can also be referred to as strong AI, [1] [2] full AI, or general intelligent action.(Some academic sources reserve the term "strong AI" for machines that can experience consciousness.) Some authorities emphasize a distinction between strong AI and applied AI [3] (also called narrow AI[2] or weak AI ): the use of software to study or accomplish specific problem solving or reasoning tasks. Weak AI, in contrast to strong AI, does not attempt to perform the full range of human cognitive abilities.

      As of 2017, over forty organizations were doing research on AGI.

2019

2017a

2017c

2017d

2017 e.

  • https://futureoflife.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Yoshua-Bengio.pdf
    • QUOTE: What’s Missing
      • More autonomous learning, unsupervised learning
      • Discovering the underlying causal factors
      • Model-­‐based RL which extends to completely new situations by unrolling powerful predictive models which can help reason about rarely observed dangerous states
      • Sufficient computational power for models large enough to capture human-­‐level knowledge
      • Autonomously discovering multiple time scales to handle very long-­‐term dependencies
      • Actually understanding language (also solves generating), requiring enough world knowledge / commonsense
      • Large-­‐scale knowledge representation allowing one-­‐shot learning as well as discovering new abstractions and explanations by ‘compiling’ previous observations

2013b

2014a

2014b

  • (Brooks, 2014) ⇒ Rodney Brooks. (2014). “Artificial intelligence is a tool, not a threat.” In: Rethinking Robotics, November 10, 2014.
    • QUOTE: … a fundamental error in not distinguishing the difference between the very real recent advances in a particular aspect of AI, and the enormity and complexity of building sentient volitional intelligence. … Why so many years? As a comparison, consider that we have had winged flying machines for well over 100 years. But it is only very recently that people like Russ Tedrake at MIT CSAIL have been able to get them to land on a branch, something that is done by a bird somewhere in the world at least every microsecond. Was it just Moore’s law that allowed this to start happening? Not really. It was figuring out the equations and the problems and the regimes of stall, etc., through mathematical understanding of the equations. …

      … If we are spectacularly lucky we’ll have AI over the next thirty years with the intentionality of a lizard, and robots using that AI will be useful tools.

2012

2011

  • http://versita.com/jagi/
    • Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is an emerging field aiming at the building of “thinking machines", that is, general-purpose systems with intelligence comparable to that of the human mind. While this was the original goal of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the mainstream of AI research has turned toward domain-dependent and problem-specific solutions;; therefore it has become necessary to use a new name to indicate research that still pursues the "Grand AI Dream". Similar labels for this kind of research include “Strong AI", “Human-level AI", etc.

      The problems involved in creating general-purpose intelligent systems are very different from those involved in creating special-purpose systems. Therefore, this journal is different from conventional AI journals in its stress on the long-term potential of research towards the ultimate goal of AGI, rather than immediate applications. Articles focused on details of AGI systems are welcome, if they clearly indicate the relation between the special topics considered and intelligence as a whole, by addressing the generality, extensibility, and scalability of the techniques proposed or discussed.

      Since AGI research is still in its early stage, the journal strongly encourages novel approaches coming from various theoretical and technical traditions, including (but not limited to) symbolic, connectionist, statistical, evolutionary, robotic and information-theoretic, as well as integrative and hybrid approaches.

2009

2008

  • (Zadeh, 2008) ⇒ Lotfi A. Zadeh. (2008). “Toward Human Level Machine Intelligence - Is It Achievable? The Need for a Paradigm Shift.” In: IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine Journal, 3(3). doi:10.1109/MCI.2008.926583
  • (Sandberg & Bostrom, 2008) ⇒ Anders Sandberg, and Nick Bostrom. (2008). “Whole Brain Emulation." Technical Report #2008-3, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford University.
    • QUOTE: Table 10: Estimates of computational capacity of the human brain. Units have been converted into FLOPS and bits whenever possible. Levels refer to Table 2.
      • Source | Assumptions | Computational demands | Memory
      • (Leitl, 1995) Assuming 1010 neurons, 1,000 synapses per neuron, 34 bit ID per neuron and 8 bit representation of dynamic state, synaptic weights and delays. [Level 5] 5·1015 bits (but notes that the data can likely be compressed).
      • (Tuszynski, 2006) Assuming microtubuli dimer states as bits and operating on nanosecond switching times. [Level 10] 1028 FLOPS 8·1019 bits
      • (Kurzweil, 1999) Based on 100 billion neurons with 1,000 connections and 200 calculations per second. [Level 4] 2·1016 FLOPS 1012 bits
      • (Thagard, 2002) Argues that the number of computational elements in the brain is greater than the number of neurons, possibly even up to the 1017 individual protein molecules. [Level 8] 1023 FLOPS
      • (Landauer, 1986) Assuming 2 bits learning per second during conscious time, experiment based. [Level 1] 1.5·109 bits (109 bits with loss)
      • (Neumann, 1958) Storing all impulses over a lifetime. 1020 bits (Wang, Liu et al., 2003) Memories are stored as relations between neurons. 108432 bits (See footnote 17)
      • (Freitas Jr., 1996) 1010 neurons, 1,000 synapses, firing 10 Hz [Level 4] 1014 bits/second (Bostrom, 1998) 1011 neurons, 5·103 synapses, 100 Hz, each signal worth 5 bits. [Level 5] 1017 operations per second
      • (Merkle, 1989a) Energy constraints on Ranvier nodes. 2·1015 operations per second (1013-1016 ops/s)
      • (Moravec, 1999; Morevec, 1988; Moravec, 1998) Compares instructions needed for visual processing primitives with retina, scales up to brain and 10 times per second. Produces 1,000 MIPS neurons. [Level 3] 108 MIPS 8·1014 bits.
      • (Merkle, 1989a) Retina scale-up. [Level 3] 1012-1014 operations per second. (Dix, 2005) 10 billion neurons, 10,000 synaptic operations per cycle, 100 Hz cycle time. [Level 4] 1016 synaptic ops/s 4·1015 bits (for structural information) (Cherniak, 1990) 1010 neurons, 1,000 synapses each. [Level 4] 1013 bits
      • (Fiala, 2007) 1014 synapses, identity coded by 48 bits plus 2x36 bits for pre- and postsynaptic neuron id, 1 byte states. 10 ms update time. [Level 4] 256,000 terabytes/s 2·1016 bits (for structural information)
      • (Seitz) 50-200 billion neurons, 20,000 shared synapses per neuron with 256 distinguishable levels, 40 Hz firing. [Level 5] 2·1012 synaptic operations per secon 4·1015 - 8·1015 bits
      • (Malickas, 1996) 1011 neurons, 102-104 synapses, 100- 1,000 Hz activity. [level 4] 1015-1018 synaptic operations per secon 1·1011 neurons, each with 104 compartments running the basic Hodgkin-Huxley equations with 1200 FLOPS each (based on
      • (Izhikevich, 2004). Each compartment would have 4 dynamical variables and 10 parameters described by one byte each. 1.2·1018 FLOPS 1.12·1028 bits
  1. ↑ Kurzweil, Singularity (2005) p. 260
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 : Kurzweil describes strong AI as "machine intelligence with the full range of human intelligence."
  3. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Strong AI, applied AI, and cognitive simulation or Jack Copeland What is artificial intelligence? on AlanTuring.net
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